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Nurs 2800 > Cancer PATHO > Flashcards

Cancer PATHO Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular regulation in cancer is

A

abnormal cellular growth

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2
Q

Cellular proliferation

A

how quick a cell divides

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3
Q

Differentiation

A

process by which a cell becomes specialized

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4
Q

cellular development with blood cells starts with a stem cell. the stem cells would be considered the most _______ cell

A

immature

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5
Q

Two types of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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6
Q

Function of leukocytes

A

infection and inflammation

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7
Q

Most mature cells are

A

the end product with a specific function

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8
Q

Too many red blood cells

A

Polycythemia

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9
Q

Treatments for low RBC

A

iron - because it promotes RBC production

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10
Q

Stem cells are created in the

A

bone marrow

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11
Q

Low platelets are treated

A

Giving platelets

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12
Q

Low hemoglobin can manifest as what symptom?

A

fatigue

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13
Q

Low platelets are at risk for

A

bleeding

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14
Q

Low leukocytes increase the risk of

A

infection

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15
Q

The spleen is damaged this increases risk of

A

infection

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16
Q

fungal pneumonia is almost always caused by someone on a

A

immunomodulator

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17
Q

Methotrexate can

A

fucking ruin your life if you get cancer because it puts them at risk for opportunistic infections

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18
Q

What is a blast crisis

A

big problem with blood cancer but a blast crisis is when their treatment isn’t working and they have immature cells. Bone marrow did not differentiate the base cells and then sent them to war in the body with water pistols

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19
Q

hyperplasia means

A

increased number or density

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20
Q

Metaplasia

A

replacement or change in a cell

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21
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal size, shape or appearance

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22
Q

anaplasia

A

literally means to form “ass” backwards. This cell looks nothing like the original cell or what it is supposed to look like

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23
Q

Neoplasm

A

new tissue that grows independently of the surrounding tissue (might not be cancer) just useless tissue

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24
Q

Neoplasm classification of benign

A
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25
Q

Benign “LIES Beneath”

A

L - Localized growth
I - Inhibition by contact with other cells (doesn’t grow when it bumps into another cell)
E - Encapsulated (defined border)
S- Slow growing and solid mass
B - behaves in its border

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26
Q

Malignant neoplasms “LAME”

A

L- Lacks contact inhabitation (I’ll grow where I want)
A- Accelerated growth
M- Metastasis (will break off and go where it wants)
E- Escapes into other tissues

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27
Q

Proto oncogenes promote

A

Cell growth and division

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28
Q

A DNA change can cause a gene involved in normal cell growth to become ____ which can cause

A

“oncogenes” which can cause uncontrolled cell growth & division.

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29
Q

Epigenetics

A

Exposure to inflammation and irritation and genetics are can increase risk of getting cancer

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30
Q

How does cancer develop (3)

A

Initiation (Damage in the DNA/Exposure)
Promotion ( repeated stress)
Progression (cancer development)

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31
Q

Promotion phase

A

Repitition of repeated stress (sun, smoking, etc)

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32
Q

Progression phase is

A

Signs of the cancer causing issues

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33
Q

Oncogenes BRCA 1&2

A

are genes that promote cell proliferation and are capable of trigering cancer characteristics

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34
Q

Why do we care about BRCA 1&2

A

we can screen for these

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35
Q

someone who smokes their whole life and doesnt get cancer probably has

A

good tumor suppression genes

36
Q

Viruses that can lead to cancer

A

HPV, H-pylori, Epstein bar (lymphoma)

37
Q

Promotion

A

reversal proliferation of cells.
the key to this is prevention of risky lifestyle

38
Q

what cancer does not make solid tumors

A

leukemia and multiple myeloma aka
Blood cancers

39
Q

Metastatic cancer is

A

cancer that has spread from its origination to another place.

40
Q

How do pathologists know that a tumor on the bone came from the breast

A

the tumor cells can vaguely look like the originating cells

41
Q

Manifestations (symptoms) of cancer

A

symptoms are vague and depend on site in which cancer is. Think about dysfunction of that organ.

42
Q

CAUTION common symptoms of cancer

A

C - Change of bladder or bowel (months of diarrhea)
A - A sore that does not heal
U - unusual bleeding or discharge
T - Thickened Lump
I - Indigestion
O - Obvious change in wart or mole
N - Nagging cough or hoarseness

43
Q

Pancytopenia means

A

low in ALL the cells

44
Q

Exemplar Cancers she wants us to know is Lung cancer (1/4 cancer deaths are from this). What are the two types

A

Small cell and Non small cell

45
Q

Small cell cancer

A

fast growing and more deadly

46
Q

Non small cel lung cancer

A

Slower growing and less deadly

47
Q

Lymphoma types

A

Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma

48
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

blood cancer that affect lymphocyte

49
Q

Difference between hodgkin lymphoma and non

A

Reed-Sternberg cell (otherwise nothing according to allison)

50
Q

Diagnostic Tests to confirm cancer

A

Biopsy
Imaging (PET scan, 3D screening, MRI and CT)
Serum evaluation (CBC, Tumor markers)

51
Q

Types of biopsys to look for cancer

A

Pap smear, bronchoscopy, colonoscopy, bone marrow

52
Q

Bone Marrow biopsy is preformed by

A

laying pt on side, big ass fucking needle. screw it into the bone. Probably get drugs or local anesthetic unless you like torture.
After have them lay on that side to stop the bleeding

53
Q

PET scan with cancer treatment and what its used for

A

they eat sugar and the cancer loves that shit so they absorb it and show red when screened.
- can help with determining metastisixed or if treatment is workin

54
Q

MRI and CT in cancer great for

A

Size of tumor

55
Q

Staging and grading is determined after

A

a biopsy

56
Q

Cancer can be classified by (4)

A

anatomic site, histology, grading , and extent of disease

57
Q

G1

A

well differentiated

58
Q

G2

A

Moderate

59
Q

G3-G4

A

Looks fucked can barely tell what it looks like

60
Q

Gx

A

cant be assessed

61
Q

Grading in cancer means

A

what does the tumor loook like

62
Q

TNM

A

most common staging system
T= primary tumor
N = Nodes or how big
M = metastasis

63
Q

TNM

A

most common staging system
T= primary tumor
N = Nodes or how big
M = metastasis

64
Q

TIS

A

abnormal cells but have not spread from parent cell

65
Q

T1-4

A

How big is this fucker

66
Q

Tx

A

cannot assess

67
Q

Metastasis M0-1 or Mx

A

is it there or not or can it be assessed

68
Q

PSA is

A

Prostate-Specific Antigen (tumor marker)

69
Q

Serum evaluations for tumors (blood draw that are looked at for cancer)

A

PSA, Hb, Platelet. Basically a CBC with differential.

CA125 (blood test for ovarian), CEA carcinoma embryonic antigen colon cancer),

70
Q

Tumor markers are used in conjunction with signs and symptoms to find

A

Cancer.

71
Q

How does soft tissue cancer cause pain

A

Buy compressing under Roeding blood vessels, causing ulceration and necrosis

72
Q

What is responsible for the majority of pain and cancer?

A

The interruption of tissue integrity

73
Q

How does bone cancer cause pain

A

The physical compression

74
Q

How would a nurse answer a client that asks how cancer moves from one place to another in the body?

A

Cancer cells enter the body is lymph system, and thereby spread to other parts of the body

75
Q

Where does metastasis occur in the body?

A

Lymph channels, and the blood vessels

Also known as lymphatic and hematogenic spread

76
Q

When a young child is diagnosed with bone cancer, that requires an aggressive treatment regimen what is the most significant threat to their future health?

A

Unwanted effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy

Fun facts: Chemotherapy drugs are not retained in the bone matrix and resistance is not a direct consequence of exposure early in life

77
Q

What tumor suppressor genes are associated with genetics susceptibility to breast cancer

A

BRCA1 & BRCA2

BReast CAncer 1&2

78
Q

What is the TP53 suppressor gene associated with?

A

Lung, breast, and colon cancer

79
Q

Define growth fraction in cancer

A

The ratio of dividing cells to resting cells in a tissue mass

or otherwise, there are twice as many dividing cells as resting in a fraction 2/1

80
Q

What is cachexia?

A

Mass is lost from both fat and skeletal muscle compartments.

In cancer anorexia primarily contributes to weight loss through starvation, but is primarily seen through the fat compartment

81
Q

What cancer is the leading cause of cancer death?

A

Lung cancer

82
Q

What is an advantage of chemotherapy over surgery and radiation?

A

It is able to treat cancer both at the primary site and the side of the metastasis

83
Q

A Pap smear consists of and can test for what

A

Screening for cervical cancer consists of a microscopic examination of a slide for presence of abnormal cells.

It can also be used to test nipple drainage, anal washings, pleural and peritoneal, fluids, and gastric washings

84
Q

Why do benign tumors have a fibrous capsule?

A

Because benign tumors have slow cell replication and growth. It makes the surrounding rim smooth.

85
Q

What is the primary advantage of targeted cell therapy?

A

It uses drugs that selectively attack malignant cancer cells without causing harm to normal cells

86
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Also, known as syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion happens, when tumor is producing them up vasopressin causes a severe drop in sodium

Nurs 2800 (16 decks)

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