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Nurs 2800 > Cancer and Antibiotics Pharm > Flashcards

Cancer and Antibiotics Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

Chemotherapty

A

use of chemical against invading organsims

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2
Q

Antibiotics

A

A chemical that is produced by one mibcrobe and can harm other microbes

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3
Q

Book definitions for antibiotics

A

Chemical that can inhibit the growth of specific bacteria or cause the death of susceptible bacteria

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4
Q

Anti-infective/ Anti-microbial drug

A

Any agent that can kill or suppress pathogens and is classified based on the type of organism they treat

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5
Q

anti neoplastic aka

A

chemotherapy

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6
Q

pathogens are

A

Micribes that cause human disease

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7
Q

Pathogen that cause disease categories

A

bacteria, viruses, fungus, parasites, protozoa and worms

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8
Q

exotoxins

A

proteins release by bacteria into surrounding tissues that can inactivate or kill host cells

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9
Q

endotoxins are

A

harmful non-protein chemicals that are part of the outer layer of the normal cell wall of gram negative bacteria. they are released after the bacteria die and cause inflammation, fever and chills

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10
Q

classify bacteria criteria

A

cell walls (GRAM STAINING!! :D)
shape (bacillli or cocci)
oxyten utilization (anaerobic vs aerobic)

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11
Q

Which bacteria (positive or negative) are harder to treat with antibiotics

A

Negative

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12
Q

4 general sources with HAI

A

patient flora
invasive devices (vent)
medical personnel ( us)
medical environment

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13
Q

anti-infectives are created in 3 ways. What are they

A

using living microorganism
synthetic manufacturing
genetic engineering

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14
Q

Bacterialsidal means

A

homicidal medications - out right kill the bacteria

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15
Q

bacteriostatic means

A

Slows down baccterial grown allowing for the body to eliminate the microoransim

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16
Q

Classification of anti-infectives

A

MOA
Chemical class (what we will focus on)
Spectrum

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17
Q

MOA of anti-infectives

A

inhibits
1 cell wall synthesis
2 protein synthesis
3 nucleic acid synthesis
4 metabolic pathways

Disrupts plasma membranes

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18
Q

Chemical class of anti-infectives

A

refer to the fundamental chemical structure shave by a group of anti-infectives

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19
Q

broad spectrum vs narrow spectrum

A

broad kills a bunch of stuff, narrow less specific

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20
Q

why are anti-infectives not hurtful to the host’s cell walls

A

different cell walls and process of which cellular metabolism happens

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21
Q

how to select antibiotics

A

someone grabs a culture to show what is growing, then the sensitivity will show what will work if the bacteria are not resistant

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22
Q

Can some antibiotics cause birth control to become ineffective?

A

yeaaaaa. tetracycline is notorious

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23
Q

empiric antimicrobial therapy is

A

the “most likely” microbiological etiology on the clinical presentation.. how we fucking got these superbugs

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24
Q

Prophylactic use of antimicrobials and what circumstances would you use this

A

agents given to prevent infection rather than to treat an established infection

  • specific types of surgery
  • prosthetic heart valves - gets them for literally everything like even going to the dentist (endocarditis)
  • neutropenia/ suppressed immun system
  • dog bites
  • retroviral (HIV)
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25
Q

Which antibiotics promote resistance

A

broad spectrum antibiotics because it wipes out the competition

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26
Q

mechanisms of drug resistance (5)

A

destruction of the drug
prevention of the drug entry into the pathogen
pump changes
alters drugs target site
development of alternative metabolic pathways

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27
Q

CDC delaying emergence of drug resistance

A

vaccinate
take catheters out (#1 source of infections)
target pathogens (culture etc)
access the experts (literally the people who studied this fucking stuff - not GP or NP)
practice antimicrobial control
use data
treat infection not contamination
treat infection not colonization
know when to say no to vanco
stop treatment when infection is cured or unlikely (prescribe for the appropriate amount of time)
isolate the pathogen
break the chain of contagion

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28
Q

***EDucation for antibiotics

A

dont discontinue prematurely, complete full prescription, take at evenly spaced intervals, watch for adverse effects like superinfections

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29
Q

how do people misuse antibiotics

A

trying to treat an untreatable infections (like a virus)
treatment of an idiopathic fever
improper dose
don’t treat prophylactic
omission of surgical drainage

30
Q

when old people and kids are sick, they are more sensitive to what adverse effects

A

GI and CNS effects… so check yo fuckin’ dose

31
Q

monitoring of antimicrobial treatment

A

clinical responses and lab results
frequency of monitoring is direct ratio to how bad the infection is
reduction of symptoms
serum drug levels for toxicity
monitor for SUPERINFECTION

32
Q

most common route of people getting anaphylaxis from antibiotics

A

parentral

33
Q

penicilins MOA

A

Weaken and destroys cell wall
is a bactericidal

34
Q

cephalosporins MOA

A

cause baccteria to build weak cell walls when dividing
bacteriostatic or bactericidal dependind on the dose

35
Q

Carbapenems MOA

A

inhibits cell membrane synthesis
bactericidal

36
Q

Vancomycin MOA

A

Weakens and destroy the cell walls
Bactericidal

37
Q

Adverse effects of penicillins

A

Gi Symptoms, superinfections, allergic reactions

38
Q

Penicillin ending

A

cillin

39
Q

what kind of spectrum is penicillin used for

A

Broad spectrum and most effective against gram positive bacteria

40
Q

Carbapenems end in

A

peneum

41
Q

carbapenems Adverse effects

A

GI n/v diarrhea, CNS and confusion, seizures, hallucinations, superinfection only through IV site

42
Q

Vancomycin route and adverse effects

A

routes IV, po.
Renal failure
ototoxicity (tinnitus)
red-person syndrome - IV too fast and body releases histamine, but its not a histamine. (anaphylaxis with rashe and flushing on face and neck)
thrombophlebitis - rotate those IV sites

43
Q

vancomycin is usually used with

A

MRSA
so it is restricted to severe infections
weight based dosing
need serum levels so monitor peak and trough

44
Q

antibiotics that affect bacterial protein synthesis

A

tetracyclines
macrolides
aminoglycosides

45
Q

tetracyclines are used for

A

chlamydia
skin infections
TB

46
Q

adverse effects with tetracyclines

A

photosensitivity and rash
teeth and bones
no one under the age of 8

47
Q

contraindications and interactions with tetracycline

A

food decreases absorption especially milk
calcium, iron, mag, aluminum, dairy, antacids
decreases the effect of oral contraceptives

48
Q

macrolides prototype erythromycin routes

A

PO, topical, ophthalmic, IV

49
Q

Adverse effects of macrolides or the mycin

A

Cardiotoxicity and ventricular dysrhythmias (IV)
Ototoxicity, superinfections (yeast infections)
GI issues (so normally enteric coated)
warfarin gets inhanced

50
Q

Macrolides or mycin treat what kind of bacteria

A

Gram + bacteria, and are broad specturm

51
Q

Aminoglycosides prototype is gentamicin what are the routes

A

IM, IV, intrathecal, topical

52
Q

what are aminoglycosides or micins adverse effects

A

bone marrow suppression, impaired balance, BLACK BOX WARNING: ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity permanently

53
Q

Fluoroquinolones prototype is ciprofloxacin what do they all end in

A

floxacin

54
Q

MOA of fluoroquinolones

A

inhibits DNA replication and cell division by inhibiting the enzymes

bactericidal

55
Q

fluroquinolones adverse effects aka ciprofloxacin

A

tendontoxicity
photosensitivity
cardiotoxicity
BLACKBOX warning Risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture

56
Q

sulfonamides prototype (TMP-SMZ) is used for

A

broadspectrum and is commonly used for a UTI

57
Q

MOA of sulfonamides or TMP-SMZ

A

inhibit synthesis of folic acid

58
Q

Adverse effects of Sulfonamides or TMP-SMZ

A

GI, Skin reactions, bone marrow suppression, kernicterus (Jaundice that is fatal so no one under 2 months or pregnant women), Crystalluria and renal damage

59
Q

remember to tell people that are taking sulfa meds

A

to drink 3 liters of water a day and have 1500 mL output because of crystalluria

60
Q

contraindication and interactions

A

pregnancy, breastfeeding, children less than 2 months,, folate deficiency, severe renal impairment.
Caution: elderly for CNS
Interacts with warfarin, potassium sparing diuretics, postassium supplements

61
Q

metronidazole adverse effects

A

N/v dry mouth, headache, neurotoxicity, BLACKBOX WARNING: cancer in lab animals

62
Q

metronidazole treats

A

peptic ulcer disease
and infections caused by obligate anaerobic bacteria

causes harmless darkening of urine

63
Q

antimycobacterials are used for

A

TB, atypical mycobacterial infections (leprasy, secondary infections to HIV and AIDS)

64
Q

prophylactic treatment of TB

A

2 drugs for 2 months

65
Q

MOA of anti tubercular drugs

A

inhibits cycobacterium cell wall and or dna rna synthesis

66
Q

ACTIVE TB 1ST LINE DRUGS FOR TREATMENT (TEST)

A

RIPES
Rifampin ** (red orange tint to body fluids and decreases effectiveness to oral contraceptives)
Isoniazid (INH related peripheral neuropathy is treated with vitamin b6)
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Streptomycin

67
Q

Antivirals are

A

used with very few viral infections because they dont work on many

68
Q

Antiretroviral treatment for HIV

A

HIV targets T4 lymphocytes using reverse transcriptase to make viral DNA.
SO antiretrovirals block this synthesis

69
Q

why using antiretroviral medications for pregant women

A

can reduce baby getting hiv by 70% when it is delivered

they take from week 14 to week 34 then IV during labor, and newborn takes antiretroviral for 6 weeks following deliver and has to be given with in 48 hours of birth

70
Q

PrEP

A

preexposure prophylaxi of HIV infection

71
Q

what is PEP and when shoud it start

A

Post exposure prophylaxis of HIV infection
and should be started 24 - 36 hours after exposure to an HIV+ patient

Nurs 2800 (16 decks)

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