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Small animal medicine II > Cancer on the Body > Flashcards

Cancer on the Body Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Dogs have oral cavity cancer more often than cats

A

True

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2
Q

Which oral tumor is most common in the dog? Cat?

A

Dog - malignant melanoma

Cat - SCC

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3
Q

What the most commonly seen clinical signs with oral tumors?

A

Pytalism, odor, changes in chewing, anorexia, bleeding

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4
Q

How do you diagnose oral tumors?

A

FNA for some, incisional biopsy for others

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5
Q

What is staging of oral tumors determined by?

A

Extent of the local disease

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6
Q

T/F: Malignant melanoma is really malignant and has high metastasis

A

True

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7
Q

Where does malignant melanoma metastasize to?

A

lungs, liver, lymph nodes

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8
Q

How would you test for staging for malignant melanoma?

A

aspirations and imaging

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9
Q

What are some treatment options for oral malignant melanoma?

A

Surgery, radiation, chemo (carboplatin)

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10
Q

T/F: Fibrosarcomas are not very locally aggressive

A

False

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11
Q

How do you treat fibrosarcomas?

A

Surgery w/wo radiation

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12
Q

Which lymph node is commonly metastasized to with canine SCC?

A

Tonsiles

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13
Q

How do you treat canine SCC?

A

Surgery w/wo radiation

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14
Q

What is the treatment option for feline SCC?

A

surgery with radiation

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15
Q

What is the prognosis for feline oral SCC?

A

Poor

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16
Q

How can you treat feline fibrosarcomas?

A

Complete surgical excision, radiation

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17
Q

What is the most common benign oral tumor?

A

Acanthomatous epulis

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18
Q

What does acanthomatous epulis look like?

A

SCC

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19
Q

How do you treat acanthomatous epulis?

A

Surgery, radiation

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20
Q

What is the most common nasal cancer in cats? dogs?

A

Feline - Lymphoma

Dog - SCC

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21
Q

What are some ddx for nasal cancers?

A

Lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis, foreign body, fungal disease (aspergillus for dogs, cryptococcus for cats)

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22
Q

T/F: Nasal tumors are often metastatic

A

False

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23
Q

What is the treatment of choice for nasal cancer?

A

Radiation

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24
Q

T/F: With thyroid tumors, the smaller the tumors the worse.

A

False

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25
Q

How do you diagnose thyroid tumors?

A

FNA/cytology

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26
Q

Why do you not want to perform an incisional biopsy on a suspected thyroid tumor?

A

Hemorrhage can occur

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27
Q

Where do thyroid tumors commonly metastasize to?

A

Lungs, lymph nodes

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28
Q

What tests stage for thyroid tumors?

A

Blood work, thoracic imaging, lymph node analysis

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29
Q

What are some complications with surgical treatment of thyroid tumors?

A

Hemorrhage, hypothyroidism, hypocalcemia

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30
Q

How can you treat thyroid tumors without surgery?

A

Radiation
(Definitive treatment - daily
Palliative - weekly)

Chemotherapy is metastatic or RT is not availalbe

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31
Q

What kind of cancer is thyroid cancer?

A

Carcinoma

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32
Q

T/F: For cats, carcinoma is the least common cause of hyperthyroidism

A

True

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33
Q

T/F: Metastatic disease in the thoracic cavity is more common than primary cancer

A

True

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34
Q

What is the most common CxS for pulmonary cancer?

A

Coughing

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35
Q

What are the most common primary pulmonary tumors in the dog? cat?

A

Dog - bronchoalveolar carcinoma

Cat - Adenocarcinoma

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36
Q

What is the treatment of choice for solitary lung tumors?

A

Surgery

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37
Q

What are the MST for each grade with primary pulmonary carcinoma?

A

Grade 1: 1.5+ years
Grade 2: 7-8 months
Grade 3: 0. immediate euthanasia

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38
Q

What is the prognosis and treatment of choice for metastatic pulmonary cancer?

A

Chemotherapy with poor prognosis

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39
Q

What are the two biggest ddx for masses in the mediastinum?

A

Lymphoma, thymoma

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40
Q

What CxS will you see with masses in the mediastinum?

A

Coughing, off breathing, exercise intolerance

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41
Q

How old are animals that have thymoma?

A

older. 9-10 years

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42
Q

T/F: Thymomas commonly metastasize

A

False

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43
Q

What are some paraneoplastic syndromes associated with thymoma?

A

Myasthenia gravis, polymyositis, hypercalcemia, exfoliative dermatitis in cats

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44
Q

What would blood work test for with mediastinal masses?

A

Anemia, lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hypercalcemia

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45
Q

What do thoracic radiographs show you with mediastinal masses?

A

The mass, pleural effusion, cardiac displacement, esophageal dilation, aspiration pneumonia

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46
Q

What do you see with cytology of mediastinal masses?

A

Small, mature lymphocytes. Neoplastic epithelial cells

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47
Q

What is the treatment of choice for masses in the mediastinum and what is the MST in dogs? Cats?

A

Dogs: Surgery - >2 years
Cats: Surgery - 5 years

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48
Q

T/F: Mediastinal masses are non-responsive to radiation

A

False

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49
Q

What cardiac tumors can you see at the base of the heart in dogs? Right auricle?

A

Base: Chemodectoma, paraglanglioma

Right auricle: hemangiosarcoma

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50
Q

Which heart tumor is the most metastatic?

A

Hemangiosarcoma

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51
Q

How do you treat chemodectoma?

A

Pericardiectomy, RT

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52
Q

How do you treat hemangiosarcoma? What is the MST?

A

Surgery, chemotherapy = 6 months

Surgery alone = 3 months

53
Q

How do dogs typically get neoplasia in their hepatobiliary system? Cats?

A

Dogs - metastasis

Cats - primary tumor

54
Q

T/F: Malignant hepatobiliary tumors are more common in cats than dogs

A

False

55
Q

What are the benign hepatobiliary tumors called?

A

Biliary cystadenoma, hepatocellular adenoma

56
Q

What kind of morphology are most of the canine hepatic tumors?

a. ) Massive
b. ) Nodular
c. ) Diffuse

A

A.) Massive

57
Q

What symptoms may you see with hepatobiliary neoplasia?

A

Anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, PU/PD, ascites

58
Q

T/F: CBC will give you definitive results for hepatobiliary neoplasia

A

False. Non-specific changes

59
Q

What is the best diagnostic tool for hepatobiliary neoplasia?

A

Imaging: Radiographs, ultrasound, CT scan

60
Q

If there is only one single hepatobiliary lobe affected by tumors, what is the treatment of choice?

A

Surgery

61
Q

What is the prognosis for massive hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

Good, because massive only affects one lobe

62
Q

T/F: Hepatocellular carcinoma is highly metastatic

A

False. 5%

63
Q

T/F: Pancreatic Carcinoma is rare

A

True

64
Q

If the pancreatic carcinoma is metastatic, what treatment might help?

A

Chemotherapy

65
Q

T/F: Insulinomas are rare in both dogs and cats

A

True

66
Q

What is typically the age of dogs and cats affected by GI cancer?

A

Middle aged - older

67
Q

T/F: The biggest difference between cancer and non-cancerous disorders is the level of diarrhea

A

False. No signs really differentiate them

68
Q

How would you diagnose GI cancer?

A

Diagnostic imaging

69
Q

Why would you want to image the thoracic region with GI cancer?

A

Check for metastasis

70
Q

What is the most common small intestine cancer in dogs? Cats?

A

Lymphoma

71
Q

What is the best treatment for SI lymphoma in dogs? Cats?

A

Chemotherapy

72
Q

How would you treat carcinoma and leiomyoma in the small intestine in dogs? Cats?

A

Surgery is the best choice

73
Q

What is the most common cancer of the spleen in the dog? Cat?

A

Dog - sarcoma

Cat- Mast cell tumors

74
Q

What are some signs noted on CBC with splenic hemangiosarcoma?

A

Anemia, Thrombocytopenia

75
Q

What % of patients have DIC with splenic hemangiosarcoma?

A

50%

76
Q

What signs will you see when a splenic hemangiosarcoma mass ruptures?

A

Weakness, tachycardia, tachypnea

77
Q

What is the best screening tool for splenic hemangiosarcoma?

A

Abdominal radiographs

78
Q

T/F: Ultrasound will tell you if the splenic hemangiosarcoma is neoplastic

A

False. Just shows mass or cavity

79
Q

What are the chances an animal with hemoabdomen has malignant cancer?

A

2/3. of that, 2/3 are hemangiosarcoma

80
Q

What will you see on an abdominocentesis on a pet with splenic hemangiosarcoma?

A

Hemorrhagic, non-clotting effusion

81
Q

T/F: You will find neoplastic cells in an abdominocentesis on a pet with splenic hemangiosarcoma

A

False. Rare

82
Q

T/F: FNA/cytology should be done on a pet with splenic hemangiosarcoma

A

False. Bleeding!!

83
Q

What are the 3 stages of splenic hemangiosarcoma? What are the MSTs?

A

Stage I - confined, no evidence of rupture. 3 months

Stage 2 - evidence of rupture/metastasis. 3 months

Stage 3 - gross, obvious spread. 1 month

84
Q

How do you manage an acute splenic hemoangiosaroma rupture?

A

Treat hypovolemic shock with blood or fluids, perform splenectomy with thorough exploratory

85
Q

T/F: Benign splenic masses can also cause hemoabdomen

A

True

86
Q

What is the MST for patients with no metastatic splenic hemangiosarcoma that are treated with surgery and chemotherapy?

A

6 months

87
Q

Why would angiogenesis inhibition work with splenic hemangiosarcomas?

A

Those cancers originate from endothelial cells

88
Q

Does low dose oral chemo for anti-angiogenic therapy work better than chemotherapy?

A

No

89
Q

What are the presenting complaints for anal sac adenocarcinoma?

A

Tenesmus, dyschezia

90
Q

What routine exams can screen for anal sac adenocarcinoma?

A

Annual rectals

91
Q

What is the most common paraneoplastic syndrome with anal sac carcinoma?

A

Hypercalcemia

92
Q

What is the best treatment for anal sac carcinoma?

A

Surgery, but recurrence is common

93
Q

T/F: Anal sac adenocarcinoma is highly metastatic

A

True

94
Q

How would you treat the metastasis of anal sac cancer?

A

Chemotherapy

95
Q

How big does the anal sac tumor have to be to be considered bad?

A

> 2.5 cm

96
Q

What is the common neoplasia seen in the bladder?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

97
Q

What are some risk factors for canine transitional cell carcinoma?

A

Breed, female, herbicides, obesity

98
Q

How would a transitional cell carcinoma case present?

A

Hematuria, dysuria, stanguria, pollakiuria

99
Q

What are some diagnostic tests for transitional cell carcinoma?

A

Abdominal imaging - radiographs, contrast, ultrasound*

100
Q

What may you see in the urine under cytology on a dog with transitional cell carcinoma?

A

Exfoliated cells

101
Q

What % of TCC cases have metastasis at diagnosis?

A

15%

102
Q

What % of the metastasized TCC cases die?

A

50%

103
Q

What is the definitive treatment for TCC?

A

Radiation therapy

104
Q

What is the most commonly used chemo drugs for TCC?

A

Mitoxantrone and piroxicam

105
Q

T/F: Patients with TCC benefit poorly from NSAIDs

A

False. GIVE EM!

106
Q

T/F: Urethral stents are good treatment options for TCC

A

True

107
Q

T/F: Canine prostatic neoplasia is androgen dependent

A

False

108
Q

Where is the most common origin of prostate neoplasia?

A

Ductal epithelium

109
Q

Where does prostate cancer usually metastasize to?

A

Lungs, lymph nodes, bones

110
Q

What is the most consistent physical exam abnormality with prostate neoplasia?

A

Postatomegaly

111
Q

What samples can you collect to diagnose prostate cancer?

A

Urine sediment, FNA, prostatic wash, needle core biopsy

112
Q

What is the definitive treatment for prostate cancer?

A

Radiation therapy

113
Q

What is the most common tumor in canine females?

A

Mammary tumors

114
Q

What are the risk factors for canine mammary tumors?

A

Age, obesity, spay status

115
Q

What % risk does a dog have of getting mammary cancer if she is spayed prior to 1st estrus? 2nd? 3rd?

A

0.05%, 8%, 26%

116
Q

Which mammary glands are more commonly affected?

A

Glands 4 and 5

117
Q

What is the chance that the mammary tumor is malignant? That those will metastasize?

A

50%, 50%

118
Q

What are some diagnostic tests to run for mammary tumors?

A

Cytology, thoracic/abdominal imaging

119
Q

What are the stages for mammary gland tumors?

A 
Stage 1 - < 3 cm
Stage 2 - 3-5 cm
Stage 3 - >5 cm
Stage 4 - large, local lymph nodes involved
Stage 5 - distant metastasis
120
Q

What is the definitive treatment for mammary gland tumors?

A

Surgery

121
Q

What are the surgical procedures used for mammary gland tumors?

A

Lumpectomy (<0.5cm)
Mammectomy (>1 cm or fixed)
Regional mastectomy (multiple large tumors)

122
Q

T/F: always measure the size of the tumors

A

True

123
Q

What would lead to a better prognosis for mammary gland tumors?

A

Well-differentiated, complex carcinomas

124
Q

What would lead to a worse prognosis for mammary gland tumors?

A

poorly differentiated, simple, solid, inflammatory

125
Q

T/F: The number of tumors is a prognostic factor for mammary gland tumors

A

False

126
Q

What % of feline mammary tumors are malignant?

A

85%

127
Q

How do you treat feline mammary gland tumor?

A

Surgery. Remove the entire chain

128
Q

How do you treat fibroepithelial hyperplasia?

A

Flank incision

Small animal medicine II (8 decks)

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