Cancer Genetics & Genomics

Question 1

Genetics vs. Genomics?

Answer 1

genetics: single genes
genomics: all genes + interactions

Question 2

cancer mostly caused by somatic or germline?

Answer 2

somatic

Question 3

what is passenger mutation?

Answer 3

somatic mutation NOT contributing to cancer

Question 4

somatic mutations?

Answer 4

ANY change from patient germline DNA

Question 5

Driver mutation is?

Answer 5

change in DNA that contributes to cancers

Question 6

epigenetic changes example? usually affects?

Answer 6

promoter methylation usually affects TSGs

Question 7

3 large scale nucleotide sequence changes?

Answer 7

translocation
amplification
intsertion or deletion

Question 8

what is a mutator phenotype?

Answer 8

cells lose normal DNA repair mechanisms increasing rate of mutation

Question 9

oncogenes are dominant or recessive? compared to TSGs?

Answer 9

oncogenes: dominant
TSG: recessive

Question 10

Driver mutations happens in which genes usually?

Answer 10

oncogenes

TSGs

Question 11

passenger mutation happens in which genes?

Answer 11

anywhere in genome

Question 12

New Cancer drugs target what generally?

Answer 12

try to get all 10 hallmarks of cancer

Question 13

Cancers from same site can look?

Answer 13

genetically heterogenous

Question 14

what limits standard chemo dosage?

Answer 14

kills too many good rapidly dividing cells

Question 15

why are targeted therapies effective vary?

Answer 15

cancer genetically heterogenous

Question 16

MAPK signaling hallmark is?

Answer 16

sustained proliferative signaling

Question 17

Trastuzumab/Herceptin does what?

Answer 17

interferes with HER2 function

Question 18

which breast cancers respond to trastuzumab?

Answer 18

only ones with HER2 amplification

Question 19

BRAF V600E in MAPK is in which cancer?

Answer 19

melanoma

Question 20

monoclonal antibodies act where on cell?

Answer 20

cell surface

Question 21

where does small molecule inhibitor act?

Answer 21

cell cytoplasm

Question 22

EGFR part of what cancers?

Answer 22

15% of non-cmall cell lung cancers

Question 23

patients who have activating KRAS mutations do or do not respond to cetuximab?

Answer 23

DO NOT

Question 24

Imatinib helps with what disease? what gene?

Answer 24

BCR-ABL

CML

Question 25

Sorafenib inhibit which carcinomas?

Answer 25

hepatocellular

renal cell

Question 26

Companion Diagnostic tests look for changes in what for cancer?

Answer 26

DNA
RNA
Proteins