Cancer

Question 1

CANCER

Answer 1

any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division

Question 2

protooncogenes

Answer 2

genes whose normal protein products stimulate the cell cycle

Question 3

Oncogenes

Answer 3

cancer causing genes

Question 4

promotion

Answer 4

the second stage of cancer development, is characterized by the reversible proliferation of the altered cells

Question 5

Progression

Answer 5

the last stage in the natural history of a cancer.

Question 6

The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site

Answer 6

metastasis

Question 7

tumor angiogenesis

Answer 7

the process of the formation of blood vessels within the tumor itself

Question 8

Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)

Answer 8

the altered cell surface antigens found on cancer cells.

Question 9

immunologic surveillance

Answer 9

The immune systems response to TAAs

Question 10

Cytotoxic T cells

Answer 10

A type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer cells

Question 11

natural killer cells (NK cells)

Answer 11

play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses

Question 12

immunologic escape

Answer 12

The process by which cancer cells evade the immune system

Question 13

benign

Answer 13

mild, not cancerous

Question 14

anatomic classification

Answer 14

Identified by the tissue of origin, the anatomic site, and the behavior of the tumor
Epithelial Tissue Tumors
Benign: -oma Malignant: -carcinoma

Connective Tissue Tumors
Benign: -oma Malignant: -sarcoma

Nervous Tissue Tumors
Benign: -oma Malignant: -oma

Hematopoietic Tissue Tumors
Malignant: -oma and -emia
histologic grading
a categorization of tumors in which the appearance of cells and the degree of differentiation are evaluated pathologically
14

Question 15

histologic grading

Answer 15

a categorization of tumors in which the appearance of cells and the degree of differentiation are evaluated pathologically

Question 16

Staging

Answer 16

the process of classifying tumors with respect to how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient’s prognosis

Question 17

biopsy

Answer 17

the removal of living tissue from the body for diagnostic examination

Question 18

chemotherapy

Answer 18

The use of drugs to treat diseases such as cancer

Question 19

Vesicants

Answer 19

Drugs capable of causing pain, inflammation and blistering of skin, underlying flesh and structures leading to tissue death & necrosis

Question 20

Intraarterial Chemotherapy

Answer 20

Delivers drug to tumor via arteries supplying tumor

Question 21

Intraperitoneal chemotherapy

Answer 21

Delivers drug to peritoneal cavity for treatment of peritoneal metastasis

• Short-term therapy calls for Silastic catheters placed percutaneously or surgically
• Implanted port is used for longer-term therapy
• Drug is infused into peritoneum in 1-2 L fluid and dwells there for 1-4 hrs, after which peritoneum is drained

Question 22

intrathecal chemotherapy

Answer 22

delivery of chemotherapy drugs into the subarachnoid space by lumbar puncture

Question 23

intravesical chemotherapy

Answer 23

chemotherapy or chemotherapeutic immune-stimulating agents can be delivered directly into the bladder by a urethral catheter; instilled into patient’s bladder and retained for about 2 hours; bladder must be empty; change patient’s position every 15 minutes for maximum contact in all areas of bladder

Question 24

radiation therapy

Answer 24

intravesical chemotherapy
chemotherapy or chemotherapeutic immune-stimulating agents can be delivered directly into the bladder by a urethral catheter; instilled into patient’s bladder and retained for about 2 hours; bladder must be empty; change patient’s position every 15 minutes for maximum contact in all areas of bladder
radiation therapy
treatment of neoplastic disease using ionizing radiation to impede the proliferation of malignant cells

Question 25

external radiation therapy

Answer 25

- Specific area on the body is marked to indicated the port at which it will be directed - Instruct the patient to avoid using any ointments, lotions, or powder on the area. - Protect the radiated area from direct sunlight and to avoid applications of heat or cold because these would increase erythema, drying, and pruritus of the skin, which is common over an irradiated area - Encourage a diet high in protein and calories and a fluid intake of 2 or 3L/day. Feeling of lethargy and fatigue are common during treatment, and that frequent rest periods are helpful

Question 26

brachytherapy

Answer 26

the use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated

Question 27

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 27

a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood

Question 28

myelosuppression

Answer 28

suppression of the blood cell-producing function of the bone marrow

Question 29

Neutropenia

Answer 29

myelosuppression suppression of the blood cell-producing function of the bone marrow Neutropenia a decreased number of neutrophils

Question 30

Anemia

Answer 30

A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume.

Question 31

stomatitis

Answer 31

inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth

Question 32

Leukopenia

Answer 32

low WBC count

Question 33

alopecia

Answer 33

hair loss

Question 34

Chemo brain

Answer 34

- Intellectual decline - Decreased attention - Decreased memory - Decreased processing - Poor executive function (organization) - Decreased motor performance

Question 35

immunotherapy

Answer 35

a disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response

Question 36

targeted therapy

Answer 36

a developing form of anti-cancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells

Question 37

hormone therapy

Answer 37

treatment of cancer with natural hormones or with chemicals that produce hormone-like effects

Question 38

hematopoietic stem cells

Answer 38

bone marrow

Question 39

Oncologic Emergencies

Answer 39

can result from the cancer or cancer treatment. They are classified as obstructive, metabolic, or infiltrative. These commonly include superior vena cava syndrome, spinal cord compression, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, hypercalcemia, tumor lysis syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and cardiac tamponade