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PathoPharm > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

CANCER

A

any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division

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2
Q

protooncogenes

A

genes whose normal protein products stimulate the cell cycle

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3
Q

Oncogenes

A

cancer causing genes

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4
Q

promotion

A

the second stage of cancer development, is characterized by the reversible proliferation of the altered cells

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5
Q

Progression

A

the last stage in the natural history of a cancer.

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6
Q

The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site

A

metastasis

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7
Q

tumor angiogenesis

A

the process of the formation of blood vessels within the tumor itself

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8
Q

Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)

A

the altered cell surface antigens found on cancer cells.

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9
Q

immunologic surveillance

A

The immune systems response to TAAs

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10
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

A type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer cells

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11
Q

natural killer cells (NK cells)

A

play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses

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12
Q

immunologic escape

A

The process by which cancer cells evade the immune system

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13
Q

benign

A

mild, not cancerous

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14
Q

anatomic classification

A

Identified by the tissue of origin, the anatomic site, and the behavior of the tumor
Epithelial Tissue Tumors
Benign: -oma Malignant: -carcinoma

Connective Tissue Tumors
Benign: -oma Malignant: -sarcoma

Nervous Tissue Tumors
Benign: -oma Malignant: -oma

Hematopoietic Tissue Tumors
Malignant: -oma and -emia
histologic grading
a categorization of tumors in which the appearance of cells and the degree of differentiation are evaluated pathologically
14
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15
Q

histologic grading

A

a categorization of tumors in which the appearance of cells and the degree of differentiation are evaluated pathologically

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16
Q

Staging

A

the process of classifying tumors with respect to how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient’s prognosis

17
Q

biopsy

A

the removal of living tissue from the body for diagnostic examination

18
Q

chemotherapy

A

The use of drugs to treat diseases such as cancer

19
Q

Vesicants

A

Drugs capable of causing pain, inflammation and blistering of skin, underlying flesh and structures leading to tissue death & necrosis

20
Q

Intraarterial Chemotherapy

A

Delivers drug to tumor via arteries supplying tumor

21
Q

Intraperitoneal chemotherapy

A

Delivers drug to peritoneal cavity for treatment of peritoneal metastasis

  • Short-term therapy calls for Silastic catheters placed percutaneously or surgically
  • Implanted port is used for longer-term therapy
  • Drug is infused into peritoneum in 1-2 L fluid and dwells there for 1-4 hrs, after which peritoneum is drained
22
Q

intrathecal chemotherapy

A

delivery of chemotherapy drugs into the subarachnoid space by lumbar puncture

23
Q

intravesical chemotherapy

A

chemotherapy or chemotherapeutic immune-stimulating agents can be delivered directly into the bladder by a urethral catheter; instilled into patient’s bladder and retained for about 2 hours; bladder must be empty; change patient’s position every 15 minutes for maximum contact in all areas of bladder

24
Q

radiation therapy

A

intravesical chemotherapy
chemotherapy or chemotherapeutic immune-stimulating agents can be delivered directly into the bladder by a urethral catheter; instilled into patient’s bladder and retained for about 2 hours; bladder must be empty; change patient’s position every 15 minutes for maximum contact in all areas of bladder
radiation therapy
treatment of neoplastic disease using ionizing radiation to impede the proliferation of malignant cells

25
Q

external radiation therapy

A
  • Specific area on the body is marked to indicated the port at which it will be directed
  • Instruct the patient to avoid using any ointments, lotions, or powder on the area.
  • Protect the radiated area from direct sunlight and to avoid applications of heat or cold because these would increase erythema, drying, and pruritus of the skin, which is common over an irradiated area
  • Encourage a diet high in protein and calories and a fluid intake of 2 or 3L/day. Feeling of lethargy and fatigue are common during treatment, and that frequent rest periods are helpful
26
Q

brachytherapy

A

the use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated

27
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood

28
Q

myelosuppression

A

suppression of the blood cell-producing function of the bone marrow

29
Q

Neutropenia

A

myelosuppression
suppression of the blood cell-producing function of the bone marrow
Neutropenia
a decreased number of neutrophils

30
Q

Anemia

A

A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume.

31
Q

stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth

32
Q

Leukopenia

A

low WBC count

33
Q

alopecia

A

hair loss

34
Q

Chemo brain

A
  • Intellectual decline
  • Decreased attention
  • Decreased memory
  • Decreased processing
  • Poor executive function (organization)
  • Decreased motor performance
35
Q

immunotherapy

A

a disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response

36
Q

targeted therapy

A

a developing form of anti-cancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells

37
Q

hormone therapy

A

treatment of cancer with natural hormones or with chemicals that produce hormone-like effects

38
Q

hematopoietic stem cells

A

bone marrow

39
Q

Oncologic Emergencies

A

can result from the cancer or cancer treatment. They are classified as obstructive, metabolic, or infiltrative. These commonly include superior vena cava syndrome, spinal cord compression, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, hypercalcemia, tumor lysis syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and cardiac tamponade

PathoPharm (12 decks)

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