Acid Base/Fluids and Electrolytes

Question 1

The result of the majority of fluids in the intracellular compartment

Answer 1

dehydration

Question 2

Calcium/phosphate relationship

Answer 2

There is a reciprocal relationship between calcium and phosphate; when there is an increase in calcium in the blood, there is a decrease in phosphate—and vice versa.

Question 3

used to exchange fluids from the intracellular department to extracellular

Answer 3

hypertonic solution

Question 4

movement from an area of low concentration to high concentration

Answer 4

Osmosis

Question 5

compensation for respiratory acidosis

Answer 5

Kidneys eliminate hydrogen ion and retain bicarbonate ion

Question 6

Normal calcium level

Answer 6

8.5-10.5 mg/dL

Question 7

normal potassium level

Answer 7

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Question 8

signs and symptoms of hypokalemia

Answer 8

weakness and fatigue muscle weakness nausea and vomiting intestinal distention decreased bowel sounds
decreased deep tendon reflexes ventricular dysrhythmias, paresthesias weak, irregular pulse

Question 9

treatment of mild hyponatremia

Answer 9

oral sodium supplements

Question 10

signs and symptoms of low calcium

Answer 10

nerve cells become more excited and over stimulate muscle cells resulting in spasms - tetany & stridor

Question 11

contraindication for potassium supplements

Answer 11

renal failure

Question 12

signs and symptoms of hypernatremia

Answer 12

extreme thirst dry and flushed skin dry and sticky tongue and mucous membranes postural hypotension fever, agitation convulsions restlessness irritability

Question 13

Normal sodium levels

Answer 13

135-145 mEq/L

Question 14

indications for PRBCs

Answer 14

• to increase RBC mass

* symptomatic anemia

Question 15

Always infuse PRBC with this IV fluid

Answer 15

Normal Saline

Question 16

What to do for transfusion reaction

Answer 16

stop the infusion

Question 17

ABG

Answer 17

arterial blood gas

Question 18

determining the patency of the radial and ulnar arteries by compressing one artery site and observing return of skin color as evidence of patency of the other artery

Answer 18

Allen test

Question 19

measures pH, partial pressure of oxygen (Po2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2), saturation of oxygen (Sao2), and bicarbonate (HCO3-) level.

Answer 19

ABG analysis

Question 20

respiratory acidosis causes

Answer 20

• Depression of the respiratory center.

(1) Head injuries.
(2) Oversedation with sedatives and/or narcotics.

• Conditions affecting pulmonary function.

(1) COPD
(2) Pneumonia.
(3) Atelectasis.

• Conditions that interfere with chest wall excursion.

(1) Thoracic trauma: flail chest.
(2) Diseases affecting innervation of thoracic muscle (Guillain-Barré syndrome, myasthenia gravis, polio).
(3) Mechanical hypoventilation.

Question 21

respiratory alkalosis causes

Answer 21

hyperventilation

Question 22

metabolic acidosis causes

Answer 22

DKA, severe diarrhea, renal failure, shock

Question 23

metabolic alkalosis causes

Answer 23

severe vomiting, excessive GI suctioning, diuretics, excessive NaHCO3

Question 24

low pH, high CO2

Answer 24

respiratory acidosis

Question 25

Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 25

high pH greater than 7.45: increased CO2/ greater than 35 due to hyperventilation, fever, asa overdose, high ammonia level, ventilator

Question 26

metabolic acidosis

Answer 26

low pH, low HCO3

Question 27

metabolic alkalosis

Answer 27

high pH, high HCO3

Question 28

Respiratory opposites metabolism equals

Answer 28

ROME method of ABG analysis