Acid Base/Fluids and Electrolytes Flashcards
The result of the majority of fluids in the intracellular compartment
dehydration
Calcium/phosphate relationship
There is a reciprocal relationship between calcium and phosphate; when there is an increase in calcium in the blood, there is a decrease in phosphate—and vice versa.
used to exchange fluids from the intracellular department to extracellular
hypertonic solution
movement from an area of low concentration to high concentration
Osmosis
compensation for respiratory acidosis
Kidneys eliminate hydrogen ion and retain bicarbonate ion
Normal calcium level
8.5-10.5 mg/dL
normal potassium level
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
signs and symptoms of hypokalemia
weakness and fatigue muscle weakness nausea and vomiting intestinal distention decreased bowel sounds
decreased deep tendon reflexes ventricular dysrhythmias, paresthesias weak, irregular pulse
treatment of mild hyponatremia
oral sodium supplements
signs and symptoms of low calcium
nerve cells become more excited and over stimulate muscle cells resulting in spasms - tetany & stridor
contraindication for potassium supplements
renal failure
signs and symptoms of hypernatremia
extreme thirst dry and flushed skin dry and sticky tongue and mucous membranes postural hypotension fever, agitation convulsions restlessness irritability
Normal sodium levels
135-145 mEq/L
indications for PRBCs
- to increase RBC mass
* symptomatic anemia
Always infuse PRBC with this IV fluid
Normal Saline
What to do for transfusion reaction
stop the infusion
ABG
arterial blood gas
determining the patency of the radial and ulnar arteries by compressing one artery site and observing return of skin color as evidence of patency of the other artery
Allen test
measures pH, partial pressure of oxygen (Po2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2), saturation of oxygen (Sao2), and bicarbonate (HCO3-) level.
ABG analysis
respiratory acidosis causes
• Depression of the respiratory center.
(1) Head injuries.
(2) Oversedation with sedatives and/or narcotics.
• Conditions affecting pulmonary function.
(1) COPD
(2) Pneumonia.
(3) Atelectasis.
• Conditions that interfere with chest wall excursion.
(1) Thoracic trauma: flail chest.
(2) Diseases affecting innervation of thoracic muscle (Guillain-Barré syndrome, myasthenia gravis, polio).
(3) Mechanical hypoventilation.
respiratory alkalosis causes
hyperventilation
metabolic acidosis causes
DKA, severe diarrhea, renal failure, shock
metabolic alkalosis causes
severe vomiting, excessive GI suctioning, diuretics, excessive NaHCO3
low pH, high CO2
respiratory acidosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
high pH greater than 7.45: increased CO2/ greater than 35 due to hyperventilation, fever, asa overdose, high ammonia level, ventilator
metabolic acidosis
low pH, low HCO3
metabolic alkalosis
high pH, high HCO3
Respiratory opposites metabolism equals
ROME method of ABG analysis
