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EDKP 330 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer

A

A group of diseases with processes associated with uncontrolled and abnormal cell growth and proliferation

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2
Q

What can be the cause of cancer, what is it called

A

It can be different things in various people (idiopathic) and in some people, the cause is never known

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3
Q

How many types of cancers are there

A

at least 30

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4
Q

What are the 4 groups of cancer

A

Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Lymphoma
Leukaemia

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5
Q

What is carcinoma

A

Cancer in the skin or tissues that line internal organs

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6
Q

What is sarcoma

A

Cancer in muscle, connective tissue, fat and bone

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7
Q

What is lymphoma

A

Cancer in the lymphatic system

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8
Q

What is leukaemia

A

Cancer in bone marrow (blood-forming tissue)

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9
Q

What was the leading cause of death in Canada in 2021

A

Cancer, followed by heart disease

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10
Q

What was the second cause of death in the US in 2017, and how many men and women were affected

A

cancer
40% of men
38% of women

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11
Q

Globally, what was the amount of deaths due to cancer in 2018

A

9.6 millions

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12
Q

Is the rate of cancer prevalence expected to rise or fall? why?

A

it is expected to rise due to growth and ageing od the world population

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13
Q

What is the percentage of cancers linked to heredity? what does this mean

A

10-15%
Most cancers are due to external factors (lifestyle or environment)

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14
Q

What was the economic burden of cancer in 2015 in the US?

A

80.2 billion dollars without accounting for lost productivity

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15
Q

Do external and internal factors act alone or together?

A

Over time, more factors can interact together and increase the risk of developing cancer

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16
Q

What are the internal factors that increase risks

A

Heredity
Immune dysfunction
Abnormal metabolism

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17
Q

What are the external factors that increase risks

A

Smoking
Sedentary lifestyle
Pollution
Radiation exposure

18
Q

For cancer in general, what are the steps of the multi-stage model of carcinogenesis

A
  1. Initiation: genetic mutation (spontaneous or over time) the altered genes grow cells more quickly
  2. Promotion: some of the converted cells become precancerous and there’s a rapid proliferation
  3. Progression: the proliferating precancerous cells become an invasive tumour (cancer cells)
19
Q

What is a benign tumour

A

Non-cancerous, they do not spread and are usually non-life-threatening

20
Q

What is a malignant tumour

A

Cancerous, invades the neighbouring tissues and spreads to other parts of the body

21
Q

Why is it pertinent to study the multi-stage model?

A

It makes it possible to study the possible mechanisms by which PA can interrupt the process and prevent cancer from progressing

22
Q

What are the traditional cancer treatments

A
  1. Chemotherapy: radioactive substances travel in the blood to kill cancer cells
  2. Radiation therapy: High-energy radiation to shrink tumours and kill cancer cells
  3. Hormone therapy: REmove hormones from the body to stop cancer cell’s function and limit growth
23
Q

What percentage of annual cancer deaths were due to lifestyle risk factors in the US in 2014

A

45%

24
Q

What are the lifestyle risk factors for most cancers

A
  1. obesity
  2. physical inactivity
  3. unhealthy eating
  4. smoking
25
Q

What are the non-modifiable risk factors for cancer

A

Age
Heredity
Sex

26
Q

What are the modifiable risk factors for cancer

A

Physical inactivity
Obesity
Tobacco use
Poor nutrient intake (and excessive alcohol)
Sun exposure
Toxic environment exposure

27
Q

What BMI significantly increase the risk of most cancers

A

over or equal to 25-30

28
Q

What is the main risk factor for lung and bronchial cancers

A

tobacco use

29
Q

A relationship between PA and reduced cancer risk has been […] for […].

A

found consistently
Colon and breast cancer

30
Q

What does it mean if a dose-response relationship was found between PA and colon/breast cancer?
how much lower is the risk for the most active women?
Men?

A

The more someone is active, the more they lower their risk of developing cancer
10-15%
19%

31
Q

Is the risk lowered in only breast and colon cancer?

A

No, PA also lowers the risk of developing endometrial, bladder, oesophagal, kidney and stomach cancers

32
Q

How does PA hypothetically reduce cancer risks

A
  1. avoidance of excessive weight gain or loss
  2. improve insulin resistance
  3. lower systemic low-grade inflammation (can damage tissue)
  4. Lower colon transit time
  5. Lower production of sex hormone
  6. Improve immune response
33
Q

With which pathways can PA affect cancer risks?

A

Indirect: PA reduces adipose tissue and so affects risk reduction
Direct: PA directly affect the reduction of risk factors

34
Q

How many people were living with or were survivors of cancer in 2016 in the US

A

15-16 million people

35
Q

What are the benefits of PA during and after cancer treatment?

A
  1. Increase energy levels
  2. Relives stress
  3. Decreases anxiety and depression
  4. Controls weight
  5. Better physical functioning
  6. Reduces fatigue
  7. Improves self-esteem
36
Q

What is the difference between traditional cancer treatments and PA?

A

Traditional treatments often have negative effects on the body whereas PA has positive effects (the largest effect found that PA improves strength after treatment)

37
Q

For colon cancer, what are the PA guidelines?

A

consistently having about 30-60 minutes of MVPA/day can lower the risks

38
Q

Which type of PA has the strongest association with lowering risks

A

aerobic leisure time PA

39
Q

What are the general guidelines for cancer prevention

A
  • 150 min, MV or 75 minutes V
  • strength twice a week for major muscle groups
40
Q

How can survivors reduce the adverse effects of treatment and lower the risks of other chronic diseases

A

being active

EDKP 330 (6 decks)

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