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Waste Management > C7 - Geologic and Ground Water Considerations > Flashcards

C7 - Geologic and Ground Water Considerations Flashcards

1
Q

figure 7-1 sa assignment na explanation

A

Storing, treating, or utilizing agricultural wastes and
nutrients at or below the ground surface has the potential to contaminate ground water

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2
Q

covers all natural and processed soil and rock materials

A

geologic material or earth material

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3
Q

Common examples of this property include mineral composition, grain size, consistency, color, hardness
(strength), weathering condition, porosity, permeability, and unit weight.

A

material properties

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4
Q

refers to the orientation and deformation
characteristics, such as faults and joints.

A

Geologic structure

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5
Q

is formed primarily in limestone terrain
and characterized by solutionally widened joints,
sinkholes, and caves.

A

Karst
topography

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6
Q

include
discontinuities that are distinct breaks or abrupt
changes in the mass.

A

mass properties

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7
Q

include fractures of
all types that develop sometime after a soil or rock
mass has formed.

A

Structural discontinuities

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8
Q

common example of
a stratigraphic discontinuity

A

soil/bedrock interface

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9
Q

All water beneath the surface of the Earth is called
___

A

underground water, or subsurface water

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10
Q

Underground water occurs in two primary zones: an upper zone of aeration called the ___

A

vadose or unsaturated zone, and a
lower zone of saturation called the phreatic or saturated zone.

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11
Q

contains both air and
water in the voids

A

vadose zone

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12
Q

where all
interconnected voids are filled with water

A

saturated zone

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13
Q

the only underground water available
for wells and springs

A

ground water

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14
Q

Water in this zone
is available for transpiration by plants or direct evaporation.

A

vadose zone

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15
Q

Water in this zone cannot move back up to the soil-water zone by capillary action.

A

intermediate zone

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16
Q

This zone occurs in fine to medium
grained soils and in rocks with fractures less than 1/8
inch wide.

A

saturated zone

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17
Q

Water in the___ is under less
than atmospheric pressure.

A

capillary fringe

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18
Q

is a geologic unit capable of storing and
conveying usable amounts of ground water to wells orsprings

A

aquifers

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19
Q

include sand and gravel alluvial
deposits on flood plains of perennial streams; glacial
outwash; coarse-grained, highly porous, or weakly
cemented sedimentary rocks (some sandstones and
conglomerates); and karst topography

A

Productive aquifers

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20
Q

Some unconfined aquifers result in flowing artesian
wells. This occurs when the water table locally rises
above the ground surface. ____ is the primary
control on most flowing wells in major valley bottoms.

A

Topography

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21
Q

is overlain by a confining layer of
lower permeability

A

confined aquifer

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22
Q

well in a confined aquifer that has higher than atmospheric
pressure is called an __.

A

artesian well

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23
Q

is the level to which ground water
rises in a tightly cased well penetrating a confined
aquifer

A

potentiometric
surface

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24
Q

are typically remote from any
given well location.

A

Recharge areas

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25
Q

is a local zone of unconfined ground
water occurring at some level above the regional water
table.

A

perched aquifer

26
Q

is defined as
the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume of
a soil or rock mass, expressed as a percentage.

A

porosity

27
Q

refers to openings formed at the
same time the material was formed or deposited.

A

primary porosity

28
Q

refers to openings formed after
initial deposition or formation of a material. Processes that create secondary porosity include physical weathering (freeze-thaw, wetting and drying, heating and cooling), chemical or biological action, and other stresses that produce fractures and joints.

A

secondary porosity

29
Q

is the ratio of the volume of water that
an unconfined aquifer (soil or rock) releases by gravity
drainage to the volume of the soil or rock mass.

A

specific yield

30
Q

engineering geology considerations in planning

A

corrosivity
location of water table
depth to rock
stability for embankment and excavated cut slopes
excavability
seismic stability
dispersion
permeability
puncturability
settlement potential
shrink/swell
topography
availability and suitability of borrow material
Presence of abandoned wells and other relics of past use

31
Q

are those in which the clay fraction is
or may become deflocculated or disaggregated

A

dispersed soils

32
Q

refers to rate at
which water flows through a material.

A

Permeability or hydraulic conductivity

33
Q

may allow the time needed for transformation and
plant uptake of nutrients while soils with high permeability
may leach contaminants

A

Soils with lower permeability

34
Q

is the ability of foundation materials to
puncture a flexible membrane liner or steel tank.

A

Puncturability

35
Q

Angular rock particles greater than 3 inches in diameter
in contact with a tank may cause __

A

denting or
puncturing.

36
Q

Angular particles greater than 0.5 inch can
be __.

A

a puncture hazard to plastic and synthetic rubber
membranes

37
Q

Monolithic structures are designed to behave as a
structural unit

A

Monolithic structures

38
Q

A foundation
is susceptible to differential settlement if
underlain by zones, lenses, or beds of widely
different soil types with boundaries that change
abruptly either laterally or vertically.

A

Abrupt, contrasting soil boundaries

39
Q

Layers or zones greater than
1 foot thick consisting of soft clays and silts, peat
and organic-rich soil (OL and OH in the Unified
System), and loose sands may settle excessively
when loaded by an embankment or concrete
structure.

A

Compressible soil

40
Q

Structures located in areas
of active or abandoned underground mining or
areas that have a high rate of ground water
withdrawal can have problems resulting from
settlement of the material.

A

Weak foundations

41
Q

Differential settlement of
embankments may occur on abutment slopes
steeper than 1 horizontal to 1 vertical. Adequate
compaction is difficult to achieve on steep
slopes. Settlement cracks may occur in the fill in
the area where the base of a steep abutment
joins the flood plain.

A

Steep abutments

42
Q

A foundation may settle if
underlain by normally consolidated soil materials
over a highly irregular, shallow bedrock surface
or other uneven, unyielding material. As a rule,
consider a foundation problematic if, in the
foundation area, the difference between maximum
and minimum thicknesses of the overlying
compressible soil above an uneven rock surface
divided by the maximum observed soil thickness
is greater than 25 percent. This is expressed as
“Problem foundation” when
[100 (max. depth – min. depth/max.depth)]>25%

A

Uneven rock surface

43
Q

This soil is common especially
in the western continental States. It has low
density and low water content and formed in
windblown silts and fine sands and rapidly
deposited alluvial fans. This soil may undergo
large, sudden settlement when it becomes saturated
after loading by a structure built on it.

A

Collapsible soi

44
Q

Soil containing montmorillonite clay may undergo
substantial changes in volume when ___

A

saturated

45
Q

may serve as aquifer recharge
areas, and valley bottoms, marshes, and lowlands as
ground water discharge areas.

A

uplands

46
Q

is formed on limestone, gypsum, or
similar rocks by dissolution and is characterized by
sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage.

A

Karst topography

47
Q

must meet gradation, plasticity, and permeability
requirements for its intended use and be in
sufficient quantity to build the component

A

borrow

48
Q

increases the opportunity for
attenuation of contaminants because of its cation
exchange capacity and its affect of reducing permeability.

A

Increased clay content

49
Q

hold a negative charge that gives
them the capacity to interchange cations in solution

A

Clay particles

50
Q

has a
very low permeability

A

clay

51
Q

refers to the vertical distance through which a
contaminant must pass to reach the top of an aquifer.

A

depth

52
Q

The greater the ____between the source of the contamination and a well, spring, or other ground water supply, the greater the time of travel will be.

A

horizontal distance

53
Q

The greater the __, the greater opportunity for
attenuation of contaminants.

A

travel time

54
Q

moves primarily from
topographically higher recharge areas down gradient
to withdrawal areas at lower elevations

A

Unconfined ground water

55
Q

is a material property that is determined
by laboratory analysis, but is also commonly determined
as a mass property through field testing

A

permeability

56
Q

a mass property of an aquifer
that is determined through field testing, such as pump
tests or slug tests. It is commonly known as permeability
and is the rate of flow (L/t) of water through an
aquifer

A

Hydraulic conductivity

57
Q

is the energy of a water mass produced
mainly by difference in elevation, velocity, and pressure,
expressed in units of length or pressure

A

Hydraulic head

58
Q

is the change in hydraulic head per
unit distance of flow in a given direction and is expressed
in units of length (elevation) per length (distance).

A

Hydraulic gradient

59
Q

is a function of the
hydraulic gradient.

A

Ground water velocity

60
Q

is the study of the occurrence, movement,
and quality of underground water.

A

Hydrogeology

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