C5 - Role of Soils in Waste Management

Question 1

is heterogeneous material made up of three major
components: a solid phase, a liquid phase, and a gaseous
phase.

Answer 1

soil

Question 2

three phases that influence the supply of
plant nutrients to the plant root

Answer 2

solid phase, liquid phase, gaseous
phase

Question 3

the main nutrient reservoir

Answer 3

solid phase

Question 4

holds nutrients in the cation form (positive charged
ions), such as potassium, nitrogen (as ammonium),
sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc,
and cobalt on negatively charged clay and organic
colloidal particles

Answer 4

solid phase

Question 5

held very loosely to the anion exchange sites
of the soil and move readily with percolating soil
water

Answer 5

nitrate

Question 6

is often fixed to the mineral soil fraction
containing iron, aluminum, and carbonates

Answer 6

phosphorus

Question 7

The amount of plant available nutrients held by a soil
depends upon its unique ______

Answer 7

chemical and physical makeup

Question 8

is responsible for the transport of nutrients in the soil

Answer 8

liquid phase

Question 9

large percentage of agricultural waste material is composed
of __

Answer 9

water

Question 10

mediates the exchange of gases
that occurs among the numerous living organisms in
the soil

Answer 10

gaseous phase

Question 11

used to deplete Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD), consume or remove such
biostimulants as phosphates and nitrates, provide long
term storage of heavy metals, and deactivate pathogens
and pesticides

Answer 11

soil filtering

Question 12

Soil factors that affect biological degradation

Answer 12

temperature
moisture
oxygen supply
pH
available
nutrients (N, P, K, and micronutrients)
porosity
permeability
microbial population
bulk density

Question 13

is primarily controlled by the chemical and biological composition of the waste material, soil moisture and temperature, and available oxygen supply

Answer 13

decomposition rate of organic material

Question 14

soil-agricultural waste interaction

Answer 14

filtration
biological degradation
chemical reactions

Question 15

Organic waste mineralization by-products consist of __

Answer 15

macro- and micro-plant nutrients, soluble salts, gases,
and heavy metals

Question 16

is the replacement or interchange of ions bonded
electrostatically to exchange sites on soil particles and soil organic materials with similarly charged ions in
the soil solution

Answer 16

Ionic exchange and adsorption

Question 17

is the adsorption and exchange of
nonmetal and metal cations to negatively charged sites
on soil particles and soil organic materials

Answer 17

cation exchange

Question 18

is the measure of a soil’s
potential to exchange cations and is related to soil
mineralogy, pH, and organic matter content

Answer 18

Cation-exchange
capacity (CEC)

Question 19

is the exchange and replacement of
negatively charged ions to positively charged sites on
soil particles.

Answer 19

anion exchange

Question 20

is relatively low in most soils when compared to cation exchange; however, anion exchange is important because the
anion exchange potential of the soil is related to its
ability to retain and exchange nitrate nitrogen
(NO3–N), sulfate, chloride, boron, molybdenum, and
phosphorus.

Answer 20

Anion exchange capacity

Question 21

are processes that remove an ion from the soil solution

Answer 21

Adsorption and precipitation

Question 22

occurs as ions attach to the solid soil surface through weak
chemical and molecular bonds or as strong chemical
bonds.

Answer 22

Sorption

Question 23

is the deposition of soluble
compounds in soil voids. It occurs when the amount of
the dissolved compounds in the soil solution exceeds
the solubility of those compounds.

Answer 23

precipitation

Question 24

is the interaction of metals with soil
organic matter and some oxides and carbonates,
resulting in the formation of large, stable molecules.

Answer 24

complexation

Question 25

is a process where microbes digest organic waste, reduce the waste material to inorganic constituents, and convert it to more stable organic materials

Answer 25

Organic waste mineralization

Question 26

released during this process are the essential plant nutrient (N, P, K), macronutrients and micronutrients, salts, and heavy metals.

Answer 26

inorganic materials

Question 27

is converted to inorganic nitrogen and made available for plant growth during the waste mineralization process.

Answer 27

organic nitrogen

Question 28

is the initial by-product of organic nitrogen mineralization

Answer 28

Ammonium nitrogen (NH4+)

Question 29

can contaminate if leached below the soil root zone or transported off the field by runoff to surface water.

Answer 29

nitrate

Question 30

is removed from the soil solution by adsorption to the surface of clay particles or complexation with carbonates, iron, aluminum, or more stable organic compounds.

Answer 30

phosphorus

Question 31

is dependent on the phosphorus adsorption and complexation capacity of a soil.

Answer 31

Phosphorus mobility

Question 32

is considered unavailable for plant growth

Answer 32

Adsorbed phosphorus

Question 33

Potassium, calcium, and magnesium converted from organic to inorganic compounds during ____ have similar reactions in the soil.

Answer 33

mineralization

Question 34

is less mobile than nitrogen and more mobile than phosphorus.

Answer 34

potassium

Question 35

are by-products of the organic mineralization process. Municipal sludge applied on the land is often a source of heavy metals.

Answer 35

Heavy metals and trace elements

Question 36

Soil-agricultural waste mineralization relationship

Answer 36

microbial activity nitrogen mineralization phosphate mineralization potassium, calcium, and magnesium mineralization heavy metal and trace element mineralization

Question 37

is the rating given soils that have properties favorable for the use of agricultural wastes. The degree of limitation is minor and can be overcome easily. Good performance and low maintenance can be expected.

Answer 37

slight

Question 38

are needed to determine and document site specific soil information, such as soil type, observed and inferred soil properties, and the soil limitations or hazards for the site specific components.

Answer 38

soil investigations

Question 39

is a measure of the soil’s capacity to hold water in a form available to plants. It is a function of soil porosity, texture, structure, organic matter content, and salinity.

Answer 39

Available water capacity

Question 40

is generally expressed as the sum of available water in inches to a specified soil depth

Answer 40

Available water capacity

Question 41

is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter. It affects infiltration, permeability, and available water capacity

Answer 41

bulk density

Question 42

is an index of the soil’s capacity to exchange cations with the soil solution. It affects the ability of the soil to adsorb and retain cations and heavy metals.

Answer 42

Cation-exchange capacity (CEC)

Question 43

is the depth from the soil surface to soft or hard consolidated rock or a continuous indurated or strongly cemented pan

Answer 43

depth to bedrock or a cemented pan

Question 44

is the highest average depth from the soil surface to the zone of saturation during the wettest period of the year. This saturated zone must be more than 6 inches thick and persist for more than a few weeks.

Answer 44

Depth to high water table

Question 45

is the temporary covering of the soil surface by flowing water.

Answer 45

flooding

Question 46

are the soil fractions greater than 3 inches and are measured as a weight percent or estimated as a volume percentage of the whole soil

Answer 46

Rock fragments, stones, and boulders

Question 47

is a soil surface feature that is defined as the percent of stones and boulders (rock fragments greater than 10 inches in diameter) that cover the soil surface.

Answer 47

Stoniness

Question 48

is the rate at which water enters the soil surface.

Answer 48

intake rate

Question 49

is the quality of soil that enables water to move downward through the soil profile.

Answer 49

permeability rate

Question 50

affects plant nutrient availability, agricultural waste decomposition rates, and adsorption of heavy metals.

Answer 50

soil pH

Question 51

is standing water in a closed depression that is removed only by percolation, transpiration, or evaporation.

Answer 51

ponding

Question 52

is the concentration of dissolved salts in the soil solution and is related to electric conductivity

Answer 52

salinity

Question 53

is the standard measure of soil salinity and is recorded as Mmhos/cm.

Answer 53

electrical conductivity

Question 54

interferes with the ability of the plant to absorb water from the soil and to exchange plant nutrients.

Answer 54

high soil salinity

Question 55

is the inclination of the soil surface from the horizontal expressed as a percentage

Answer 55

slope

Question 56

slope influences __ with which machinery can be used

Answer 56

runoff velocity, erosion, and the ease

Question 57

is represented by the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), which is the measured amount of sodium relative to calcium and magnesium in a water extract from a saturated soil paste

Answer 57

sodium adsorption

Question 58

Droughty: recommendations and impact if degree of limitation is slight (>6 in)

Answer 58

apply waste; improves available water capacity

Question 59

Droughty: DOL is moderate. 3-6 in

Answer 59

reduce application rates; improves available water capacity. contaminants can flow into the ground

Question 60

Droughty: severe; < 3.0 in

Answer 60

reduce application rates and use split applications

Question 61

dense layer (bulk density) soil texture: medium and fine coarse <1.7, slight

Answer 61

apply when soil moisture contents is such that the field is in tillable condition

Question 62

Low adsorption: slight, >15

Answer 62

apply waste

Question 63

Low adsorption: moderate 5-15

Answer 63

reduce application rates

Question 64

Low adsorption: severe

Answer 64

reduce application rates

Question 65

BASAHA ANG TABLEE KAY TAAS KAAYO HAHSHAHSAHSH

Answer 65

BYE