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Waste Management > C5 - Role of Soils in Waste Management > Flashcards

C5 - Role of Soils in Waste Management Flashcards

1
Q

is heterogeneous material made up of three major
components: a solid phase, a liquid phase, and a gaseous
phase.

A

soil

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2
Q

three phases that influence the supply of
plant nutrients to the plant root

A

solid phase, liquid phase, gaseous
phase

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3
Q

the main nutrient reservoir

A

solid phase

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4
Q

holds nutrients in the cation form (positive charged
ions), such as potassium, nitrogen (as ammonium),
sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc,
and cobalt on negatively charged clay and organic
colloidal particles

A

solid phase

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5
Q

held very loosely to the anion exchange sites
of the soil and move readily with percolating soil
water

A

nitrate

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6
Q

is often fixed to the mineral soil fraction
containing iron, aluminum, and carbonates

A

phosphorus

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7
Q

The amount of plant available nutrients held by a soil
depends upon its unique ______

A

chemical and physical makeup

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8
Q

is responsible for the transport of nutrients in the soil

A

liquid phase

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9
Q

large percentage of agricultural waste material is composed
of __

A

water

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10
Q

mediates the exchange of gases
that occurs among the numerous living organisms in
the soil

A

gaseous phase

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11
Q

used to deplete Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD), consume or remove such
biostimulants as phosphates and nitrates, provide long
term storage of heavy metals, and deactivate pathogens
and pesticides

A

soil filtering

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12
Q

Soil factors that affect biological degradation

A

temperature
moisture
oxygen supply
pH
available
nutrients (N, P, K, and micronutrients)
porosity
permeability
microbial population
bulk density

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13
Q

is primarily controlled by the chemical and biological composition of the waste material, soil moisture and temperature, and available oxygen supply

A

decomposition rate of organic material

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14
Q

soil-agricultural waste interaction

A

filtration
biological degradation
chemical reactions

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15
Q

Organic waste mineralization by-products consist of __

A

macro- and micro-plant nutrients, soluble salts, gases,
and heavy metals

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16
Q

is the replacement or interchange of ions bonded
electrostatically to exchange sites on soil particles and soil organic materials with similarly charged ions in
the soil solution

A

Ionic exchange and adsorption

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17
Q

is the adsorption and exchange of
nonmetal and metal cations to negatively charged sites
on soil particles and soil organic materials

A

cation exchange

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18
Q

is the measure of a soil’s
potential to exchange cations and is related to soil
mineralogy, pH, and organic matter content

A

Cation-exchange
capacity (CEC)

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19
Q

is the exchange and replacement of
negatively charged ions to positively charged sites on
soil particles.

A

anion exchange

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20
Q

is relatively low in most soils when compared to cation exchange; however, anion exchange is important because the
anion exchange potential of the soil is related to its
ability to retain and exchange nitrate nitrogen
(NO3–N), sulfate, chloride, boron, molybdenum, and
phosphorus.

A

Anion exchange capacity

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21
Q

are processes that remove an ion from the soil solution

A

Adsorption and precipitation

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22
Q

occurs as ions attach to the solid soil surface through weak
chemical and molecular bonds or as strong chemical
bonds.

A

Sorption

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23
Q

is the deposition of soluble
compounds in soil voids. It occurs when the amount of
the dissolved compounds in the soil solution exceeds
the solubility of those compounds.

A

precipitation

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24
Q

is the interaction of metals with soil
organic matter and some oxides and carbonates,
resulting in the formation of large, stable molecules.

A

complexation

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25
Q

is a process where microbes digest organic waste,
reduce the waste material to inorganic constituents,
and convert it to more stable organic materials

A

Organic waste mineralization

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26
Q

released during this process are the
essential plant nutrient (N, P, K), macronutrients and
micronutrients, salts, and heavy metals.

A

inorganic materials

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27
Q

is converted to inorganic nitrogen
and made available for plant growth during the waste
mineralization process.

A

organic nitrogen

28
Q

is the initial by-product of
organic nitrogen mineralization

A

Ammonium nitrogen (NH4+)

29
Q

can contaminate
if leached below the soil root zone or transported
off the field by runoff to surface water.

A

nitrate

30
Q

is removed from the soil solution
by adsorption to the surface of clay particles or complexation
with carbonates, iron, aluminum, or more
stable organic compounds.

A

phosphorus

31
Q

is dependent on the phosphorus
adsorption and complexation capacity of a soil.

A

Phosphorus mobility

32
Q

is considered unavailable
for plant growth

A

Adsorbed phosphorus

33
Q

Potassium, calcium, and magnesium converted from
organic to inorganic compounds during ____
have similar reactions in the soil.

A

mineralization

34
Q

is less mobile
than nitrogen and more mobile than phosphorus.

A

potassium

35
Q

are by-products of the organic mineralization process. Municipal sludge applied on the land is often a source of heavy metals.

A

Heavy metals and trace elements

36
Q

Soil-agricultural waste mineralization relationship

A

microbial activity
nitrogen mineralization
phosphate mineralization
potassium, calcium, and magnesium mineralization
heavy metal and trace element mineralization

37
Q

is the rating given soils that have properties favorable
for the use of agricultural wastes. The degree of
limitation is minor and can be overcome easily. Good
performance and low maintenance can be expected.

A

slight

38
Q

are needed to determine and document
site specific soil information, such as soil type, observed
and inferred soil properties, and the soil limitations or
hazards for the site specific components.

A

soil investigations

39
Q

is a measure of the soil’s
capacity to hold water in a form available to plants. It
is a function of soil porosity, texture, structure, organic
matter content, and salinity.

A

Available water capacity

40
Q

is generally expressed as the sum of
available water in inches to a specified soil depth

A

Available water capacity

41
Q

is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter. It affects infiltration, permeability, and available water capacity

A

bulk density

42
Q

is an index of the soil’s capacity to exchange cations with the soil solution.
It affects the ability of the soil to adsorb and
retain cations and heavy metals.

A

Cation-exchange capacity (CEC)

43
Q

is the depth
from the soil surface to soft or hard consolidated rock
or a continuous indurated or strongly cemented pan

A

depth to bedrock or a cemented pan

44
Q

is the highest average depth
from the soil surface to the zone of saturation during
the wettest period of the year. This saturated zone
must be more than 6 inches thick and persist for more
than a few weeks.

A

Depth to high water table

45
Q

is the temporary covering of the soil surface
by flowing water.

A

flooding

46
Q

are the soil
fractions greater than 3 inches and are measured as a
weight percent or estimated as a volume percentage of
the whole soil

A

Rock fragments, stones, and boulders

47
Q

is a soil surface feature that is defined as the percent of
stones and boulders (rock fragments greater than 10
inches in diameter) that cover the soil surface.

A

Stoniness

48
Q

is the rate at which water enters the
soil surface.

A

intake rate

49
Q

is the quality of
soil that enables water to move downward through the
soil profile.

A

permeability rate

50
Q

affects plant nutrient availability, agricultural
waste decomposition rates, and adsorption of heavy
metals.

A

soil pH

51
Q

is standing water in a closed depression that
is removed only by percolation, transpiration, or
evaporation.

A

ponding

52
Q

is the concentration of dissolved salts in the
soil solution and is related to electric conductivity

A

salinity

53
Q

is the standard measure of soil
salinity and is recorded as Mmhos/cm.

A

electrical conductivity

54
Q

interferes with the ability of the plant to absorb
water from the soil and to exchange plant nutrients.

A

high soil salinity

55
Q

is the inclination of the soil surface from the
horizontal expressed as a percentage

A

slope

56
Q

slope influences __ with which
machinery can be used

A

runoff velocity, erosion, and the ease

57
Q

is represented by the Sodium
Adsorption Ratio (SAR), which is the measured
amount of sodium relative to calcium and magnesium
in a water extract from a saturated soil paste

A

sodium adsorption

58
Q

Droughty: recommendations and impact if degree of limitation is slight (>6 in)

A

apply waste; improves available water capacity

59
Q

Droughty: DOL is moderate. 3-6 in

A

reduce application rates; improves available water capacity. contaminants can flow into the ground

60
Q

Droughty: severe; < 3.0 in

A

reduce application rates and use split applications

61
Q

dense layer (bulk density)
soil texture: medium and fine coarse
<1.7, slight

A

apply when soil moisture contents is such that the field is in tillable condition

62
Q

Low adsorption: slight, >15

A

apply waste

63
Q

Low adsorption: moderate 5-15

A

reduce application rates

64
Q

Low adsorption: severe

A

reduce application rates

65
Q

BASAHA ANG TABLEE KAY TAAS KAAYO HAHSHAHSAHSH

A

BYE

Waste Management (8 decks)

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