C6 - Role of Plants in Waste Management

Question 1

an example of a waste byproduct
that can be used as a plant nutrient

Answer 1

animal manure

Question 2

have the ability to retain plant
nutrients contained in the waste

Answer 2

soils

Question 3

is an important storage mechanism, and the soil is enhanced by the organic matter supplied by waste

Answer 3

soil retention

Question 4

is a classic example of nutrient transformation
where microbial degradation and eventual
escape of nitrogen gas occurs

Answer 4

denitrification

Question 5

are major sources of organic
carbon for these microbial processes

Answer 5

plant residue and roots

Question 6

involves the interaction between soil and
plant properties

Answer 6

plant growth

Question 7

Plants get carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, and magnesium are needed in relative large quantities. These elements are called____

Answer 7

macronutrients

Question 8

Boron, chlorine, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese,
molybdenum, silicon, sodium, vanadium, and zinc are needed in small amounts, or not at all, depending on the plant (Tisdale et al. 1985). These elements are called __

Answer 8

micronutrients or trace elements

Question 9

is the element that most often limits plant
growth.

Answer 9

nitrogen

Question 10

About 98 percent of the planet’s nitrogen is in
the Earth’s ___

Answer 10

primary rock

Question 11

is important for plant growth because of
its role in ribonucleic acid (RNA), the plant cells
genetic material, and its function in energy transfer
with adenosine triphosphate (ATP

Answer 11

Phosphorus

Question 12

___ is caused by several factors: presence of hydrous oxides of aluminum and
iron; soils that have a high clay content, especially
ones high in kaolin; soils high in volcanic ash or allophane; low or high soil pH; and high exchangeable aluminum.

Answer 12

Phosphorus immobility in soils

Question 13

are relatively immobile once they are
incorporated into the soil

Answer 13

trace elements

Question 14

is oxidized by soil bacteria and
fungi

Answer 14

sulfur

Question 15

Two nonessential elements of primary concern in
municipal sludge

Answer 15

lead and cadmium

Question 16

can be harmful to livestock that
inadvertently ingest contaminated soil or recently
applied sludge while grazing.

Answer 16

Lead

Question 17

This disease is marked by an increase of
protein content in the urine.

Answer 17

proteinuria

Question 18

Two essential elements that can also
become toxic to plant growth if soil concentrations are excessive

Answer 18

zinc and copper

Question 19

five elements of major concern that have been targeted by the Environmental Protection Agency when sludge is applied to agricultural land

Answer 19

cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc

Question 20

Other trace elements have been identified as harmful
to plant growth or potentially capable of occurring in
high enough concentrations in plant tissue to harm
plant consumers.

Answer 20

aluminum, antimony,
arsenic, boron, chromium, iron, mercury, manganese,
and selenium

Question 21

are not taken up by plants,
but can adhere to plant surfaces and be ingested by
animals and humans when the contaminated plant
parts are eaten.

Answer 21

Polychlorinated biphenyls

Question 22

is used to measure the total salt concentration
in the soil

Answer 22

soil test

Question 23

have been used for centuries as
fertilizers and soil amendments to produce food for
human and animal consumption

Answer 23

Manure and sewage

Question 24

Generally, manure and sludges are applied to crops that are most responsive to nitrogen inputs. Field crops that are responsive include

Answer 24

corn, sorghum, cotton, tobacco, sugar beets,
and cane

Question 25

heavy user of nitrogen, can cycle large amounts of soil nitrogen from a depth of up to 6 feet

Answer 25

alfalfa

Question 26

a serious and often fatal disorder in lactating ruminants, is caused by a low magnesium content in rapidly growing cool season grasses

Answer 26

grass tetany

Question 27

Overall stunting, dark green leaves, purpling of stems, death of leaf tips, and coralloid and damaged root system.

Answer 27

Al

Question 28

Red-brown necrotic spots on old leaves, yellowing and browning of roots, depressed tillering.

Answer 28

As

Question 29

Margin or leaf tip chlorosis, browning of leaf points, decaying growing points, and wilting and dying-off of older leaves.

Answer 29

B

Question 30

Brown margin of leaves, chlorosis, reddish veins and petioles curled leaves, and brown stunted roots.

Answer 30

Cd

Question 31

Interveinal chlorosis in new leaves followed by induced Fe chlorosis and white leaf margins and tips, and damaged root tips.

Answer 31

Co

Question 32

Chlorosis of new leaves, injured root growth

Answer 32

Cr

Question 33

Dark green leaves followed by induced Fe chlorosis, thick, short, or barbed-wire roots, depressed tillering

Answer 33

Cu

Question 34

Margin and leaf tip necrosis; chlorotic and red-brown points of leaves.

Answer 34

F

Question 35

Dark green foliage, stunted growth of tops and roots, dark brown to purple leaves of some plants ("bronzing" disease of rice).

Answer 35

Fe

Question 36

Severe stunting of seedlings and roots, leaf chlorosis and browning of leaf points.

Answer 36

Hg

Question 37

Chlorosis and necrotic lesions on old leaves, blackish-brown or red necrotic spots, accumulation of MnO2 particles in epidermal cells, drying tips of leaves, and stunted roots.

Answer 37

Mn

Question 38

Yellowing or browning of leaves, depressed root growth, depressed tillering.

Answer 38

Mo

Question 39

Interveinal chlorosis in new leaves, gray-green leaves, and brown and stunted roots.

Answer 39

Ni

Question 40

Dark green leaves, wilting of older leaves, stunted foliage, and brown short roots.

Answer 40

Pb

Question 41

Dark green leaves, stunted foliage, and increasing amount of shoots.

Answer 41

Rb

Question 42

Interveinal chlorosis or black spots at Se content at about 4 mg/L and complete bleaching or yellowing of younger leaves at higher Se content; pinkish spots on roots.

Answer 42

Se

Question 43

Chlorotic and necrotic leaf tips, interveinal chlorosis in new leaves, retarded growth of entire plant, injured roots resemble barbed wire.

Answer 43

Zn

Question 44

Two important factors that affect nutrient uptake and removal by crop harvest

Answer 44

percent nutrient composition in the plant tissue and the crop biomass yield

Question 45

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