C7 Flashcards
___are aquatic drifting organisms which means they are incapable of swimming against the current and instead, go with the flow
Plankton
Plankton comes from the Greek word __ which means ___
planktos;
drifting or floating
microscopic; can be found both in marine and freshwater; also the foundation of the ocean food web.
plankton
Plankton may be plant-like organisms, called___ or animal-like organisms, called___. In this way we classify the organisms based on___, not taxonomy.
phytoplankton;
zooplankton;
lifestyle
Classification of Plankton
by trophic group (3)
Zooplankton;
Phytoplankton;
Bacterioplankton
___are animal-like plankton. They are___, obtaining their energy by feeding on phytoplankton and other zooplankton. Most are eaten by larger zooplankton, fish and even whales.
Zooplankton;
consumers
are plant-like planktons; primary producers; use energy from sun and carbon dioxide to produce their own food; are the base of aquatic food web
Phytoplanktons
consist of bacteria and archaea; single celled producers and/or consumers and play an important role in recycling nutrients in the food web.
Bacterioplankton
Classification of Plankton
by lifestyle (2)
Meroplankton;
Holoplankton
___spend only a part of their life as plankton.
Meroplankton
____spend their entire lives as plankton.
Holoplankton
Classification of Plankton
by size (7)
Virioplankton (femto 0.02-0.2 μm)
Bacterioplankton ()
Mycoplankton ()
Phytoplankton ()
Protozooplankton ()
Metazooplankton ()
Nekton ()
Like land plants, phytoplankton have___ to capture sunlight, and they use___ to turn it into chemical energy. They consume __, and release___. All phytoplankton photosynthesize, but some get additional energy by consuming other organisms.
chlorophyll;
photosynthesis;
carbon dioxide; oxygen;
phytoplankton require some other minerals in addition to carbon dioxide to live. They get these other minerals, such as___, when colder water from the
lowers depths rises up to the surface of the water.
iron
Phytoplankton only tend to live about a __ or __before they are either eaten or they die. In colder environments, they usually “____, when the most light hits the surface of the water.
day or two ;
bloom in the springtime
When conditions are right, phytoplankton populations can grow explosively, a phenomenon known as a___.
bloom
factors affecting the growth of phytoplanktons include Availability of ___, ___ and nutrients such as (4) at various levels depending on the species.
carbon dioxide, sunlight;
nitrate, phosphate, silicate, and calcium
Some phytoplankton can fix___ and can grow in areas where___ concentrations are low
nitrogen;
nitrate
Certain species of phytoplanktons produce powerful ___, making them responsible for the so-called ___ or harmful algal blooms
biotoxins;
red tide
zooplankton is divided into two group
temporary plankton;
permanent plankton
consists of planktonic eggs and larvae of members of the benthos and nekton; particularly abundant in coastal
areas, is characteristically seasonal in occurrence, though variations in spawning time of different species ensure its presence in all seasons.
Temporary plankton
this plankton includes all animals that live their complete life cycles in a floating state; Representatives from nearly every phylum of the animal kingdom are found
permanent plankton
Among the protozoans, planktonic___ and___ are so abundant and widespread that their skeletons constitute the bulk of bottom sediments over wide ocean areas. They are absent in___ water.
foraminiferans; radiolarians;
fresh
The ciliate protozoans are represented mainly by the___, which are between 20 and 640 microns in size and sometimes occur in vast numbers. Among the planktonic coelenterates are the beautiful___ (e.g., Physalia, the Portuguese man-of-war) and the___.
tintinnids;
siphonophores; jellyfishes
Planktonic ctenophores, called ___, or sea walnuts, are also common. ____ may be present in plankton in vast numbers during the___
seasons.
comb jellies;
Freshwater rotifers;
warmer
important planktonic predators
marine arrow worms
___, like dinoflagellates, have long flagella. They either absorb their food or engulf it in food___ or____.
Zooflagellates;
vacuoles/pockets
__-are sometimes called the insects of the sea because there are so many of them, about 10,000 species! They can be found in fresh and salt water; very small, usually not more than a few millimeters long; largest source of protein in the ocean
Copepods
largest copepod, the____, lives on the finback whale and can grow to be over a foot long! Copepods are___.
Pennellabalaenopterae
crustaceans
They have two antenna, a shell and segmented bodies. They graze on phytoplankton and zooplankton.
copepod
, one of the ocean’s smallest animals, is dinner for one of its largest, whales! There are about ___species, ranging in size from less than a quarter of an inch long to two inches long. They are__ like copepods. They often have bioluminescent organs. They can be found in the sunlit zone and in the twilight zone.
Krill; 82 ;
crustaceans;
They are single celled producers and/or consumers and play an important role in recycling nutrients in the food web
bacterioplankton
Like their counterparts on land, they consume waste products from other organisms. They can also photosynthesize for energy, and some species, such as those found by hydrothermal vents, are capable o f chemosynthesis. They are also eaten by zooplankton.Example is the___.
bacterioplankton;
cyanobacteria
___occurs when predators release chemicals in the water that signal zooplankton, such as rotifers or cladocerans, to increase their spines and protective shields.
Cyclomorphosis
