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FME > C3.1 > Flashcards

C3.1 Flashcards

1
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (3)

A
  1. Tectonic Factors (Plate boundaries, Hotspots and Seamounts)
  2. Surfaces (Rocks and sediments)
  3. Water Movements (Tides, Waves and Currents)
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2
Q

5 Spheres of earth

A

Biosphere
Geosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Cryosphere -

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3
Q

the realm of life

A

biosphere

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4
Q

the terrestrial component of Earth or the ‘solid Earth’

A

geosphere

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5
Q
  • the water part of Earth
A

Hydrosphere

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6
Q

gaseous layer above earth’s surface

A

atmosphere

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7
Q
  • layer of the Earth that is ‘permanently frozen’
A

Cryosphere

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8
Q

There are two ways to describe the layering of earth:
___ layering - based on composition
____ layering - based on rigidity

A

Chemical;
Physical/ Mechanical

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9
Q

2 basic compositions of earth’s chemical layering

A

rocky composition
metallic composition

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10
Q

3 earth layers based on chemical layering

A

crust
mantle
core

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11
Q

5 Layers of physical layering of earth:

A

Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Mesosphere
Outer Core
Inner Core

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12
Q

____- rigid outer layer (crust)
_____- solid rock that flows slowly (like a hot __) .
__-middle layer and solid part of the ___
__-liquid iron nickel layer
__- solid iron nickel, very dense

A

Lithosphere
Asthenosphere; asphalt
Mesosphere; lower mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core

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13
Q

2 types of crust

A

oceanic crust;
continental crust

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14
Q

a._____ Crust - very dense, made of basalt, thin and young

b.____ Crust - less dense, made of granite

A

Oceanic;
Continental

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15
Q

Mantle - composed of (3) elements

A

Mg, Fe and Si

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16
Q

The mantle:
- layers are ___
- more solid near the surface
- contains___ which is a ‘plastic’ layer

A

heterogenous;
Asthenosphere

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17
Q

core:
- composed of __ and __
- very hot and is ___of earths weight
- outer core is___ and inner core is__

A

Nickel and Fe;
1/3;
liquid; solid

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18
Q

In (year), scientist have identified an “_____” but it is still an on- going research on what is its chemical and physical composition.

A

2008;
innermost inner core

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19
Q

___on the layers of the Earth is boundaries between the layers. Such discontinuity is due to ‘change in___!’

A

Discontinuity;
composition

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20
Q

Discontinuity of earth (3) -

A

Mohorovicic discontinuity;
Gutenberg discontinuity;
Wiechert discontinuity

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21
Q

boundary observed between crust and mantle

A

Mohorovicic discontinuity;

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22
Q

boundary between mantle and outer core

A

Gutenberg discontinuity;

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23
Q

boundary between outer core and inner core

A

Wiechert discontinuity

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24
Q

Evidence why Earth is layered is because of ____which behave like light - it____ depending on the medium it travels. It travels through___.

A

seismic waves ;
refracts;
rocks

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25
Q

3 Seismic Waves

A

P waves;
S waves;
Surface Waves

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26
Q
  • are fast and the first waves to arrive to an observer
A

P waves

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27
Q
  • slower than P-waves and it does NOT flow to liquid areas
A

S waves

28
Q
  • waves seen on above ground
A

surface waves

29
Q

in asthenosphere, it is an area which is ‘____ so the velocity of P-waves is also ‘___.’

A

less rigid’;
slow

30
Q

Evidences for Continental Drift: (6)

A

.1 Matching coastlines
2. Matching fossils
3. Matching mountain ranges
4. Matching glacier deposits
5. Matching rock types
6. Matching rock ages

31
Q

a simple theory that provides a unifying framework for understanding the way earth works and how earth systems interact to create our environment

A

Theory of Plate Tectonics

32
Q

tectonic came from the __ word ___, which means contstruction

A

Greek;
tektonikos

33
Q

the continental drift theory was proposed by:

A

Alfred Wegener

34
Q

Matching Coastlines (3)

A

South America and Africa fits
- Africa and Asia fits
- Oceania and Australia fits

35
Q

is any evidence of ancient life

A

fossil

36
Q

an evidence is considered still a fossil, there is an age limit which is it should be ___

A

10, 000 years old

37
Q

2 types of fossil

A

direct;
indirect

38
Q

____termed as ‘___’ such as bones;

____termed as ‘___’ such as traces of plants and ___ fossilized ‘poop’ or feces

A

Direct fossils; remains
Indirect fossils; imprints; coprolite

39
Q

triassic reptile or dinosaur fossil that were found in Brazil and Africa.

A

cynognathus

40
Q
  • remains found in Africa, Antarctica and India
A

Lystrosaurus

41
Q
  • a freshwater swimming reptile were found in Argentina and Africa and nowhere else in the world
A

Mesosaurus

42
Q

the fossils that support that continents were once connected and drift are the following: 3

A

a. Dinosaurs
b. Fossil fern
c. Glacial deposits

43
Q
  • this fossil fern were found in all the southern land masses (South America, Africa, India, Australia and Antarctica)
A

Glossopteris

44
Q
  • were found on all southern areas (South America, Africa, India, Australia and Antarctica)
A

Glacial Deposits

45
Q

found across Europe and North America, if you piece them together there is a continuity (same rock type and same age);

this is also found in South America and Africa which both has the same age of rocks

A

matching mountain ranges

46
Q

Wegener’s concept of a single supercontinent that broke apart to form the modern continents is called the ___

A

theory of continental drift

47
Q

____- first supercontinent followed by Pangaea

___ - one ocean

___ - separated to Laurasia (Northern part of Pangaea) and Gondwanaland (the Southern part)

A

Rodinia;
Panthalassa;
Pangaea

48
Q

helps understand processes by which Earth’s subsystems interact as wel as features and phenomena produced by these interactions

A

Theory of plate tectonics

49
Q
  • led to realization that continents abd ocean basins (components of the lithosphere), atmosphere and hydrosphere evolved in concert with mantle and core subsystems on Earth’s interior.
A

Theory of plate tectonics

50
Q

can contain the oceanic and continental crusts.

A

tectonic plates

51
Q

tectonic plates glide slowly over the___ at rates ranging from less than 1 to about __ cm/ year, about as fast as your fingernails grow.

A

asthenosphere;
16 cm

52
Q

“the _____ are the ones cracked and not the continents”

A

lithospheric plates or tectonic plates

53
Q
  • is a fracture that separates one plate from another
A

Plate Boundary

54
Q

neighboring plates can move relative to one another at these boundaries in three ways:

A

At Divergent Boundary;
At Convergent Boundary ;
At Transfrom Boundary

55
Q

____- two plates move apart from each other

___- two plates move toward each other

___- two tectonic plates slide horizontally past
each other

A

Divergent Boundary;
Convergent Boundary ;
Transfrom Boundary

56
Q
  • 3 kinds of Convergent boundaries
A

a) Oceanic-Continental Convergent Boundaries
b) Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent Boundaries
c) Continental-Continental Convergent Boundaries

57
Q

oceanic crust sinks since it is denser and this area is called ___ which will give rise to a___ (the boundary between the subducting plate and
the overlying plate)

A

subduction zone;
trench

58
Q

ince oceanic plate subducts, ti wil melt due to high temperature causing the magma ot rise which wil further cause formation of ___on the continental crust.

A

volcanic ranges

59
Q

such convergence, forms trench and volcanic island arc such the case on formation of Philippines, Japan, Indonesia and Malaysia.

A

oceanic &oceanic plate convergence

60
Q

___is a product of convergence of Philippine plate and Mainland Asia plate

A

Philippine Trench

61
Q
  • on South China Sea, the plate there diverge so part subduct on ____
A

Manila Trench

62
Q
  • inactive trench
A

Trough

63
Q

continental &continental plate convergence,
- is also known as a ____; which causes formation of mountains such as ___ Mountains (tallest) and ____ mountains (oldest).
- there is no formation of___

A

collision boundary;
Himalayan;
Appalachain;
volcanoes

64
Q

forms where two plates slide horizontally past one another as they move in opposite directions.

A

Transform Plate Boundary

65
Q

____is a transform boundary between the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate.

A

California’s San Andreas Fault

66
Q

frequent earthquakes; can occur in both oceans and continents

A

Transform Plate Boundary

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