C3.1 Flashcards by Jasmine Marta

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (3)

Tectonic Factors (Plate boundaries, Hotspots and Seamounts)
Surfaces (Rocks and sediments)
Water Movements (Tides, Waves and Currents)

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5 Spheres of earth

Biosphere
Geosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Cryosphere -

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the realm of life

biosphere

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the terrestrial component of Earth or the ‘solid Earth’

geosphere

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the water part of Earth

Hydrosphere

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gaseous layer above earth’s surface

atmosphere

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layer of the Earth that is ‘permanently frozen’

Cryosphere

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There are two ways to describe the layering of earth:
___ layering - based on composition
____ layering - based on rigidity

Chemical;
Physical/ Mechanical

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2 basic compositions of earth’s chemical layering

rocky composition
metallic composition

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3 earth layers based on chemical layering

crust
mantle
core

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5 Layers of physical layering of earth:

Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Mesosphere
Outer Core
Inner Core

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____- rigid outer layer (crust)
_____- solid rock that flows slowly (like a hot __) .
__-middle layer and solid part of the ___
__-liquid iron nickel layer
__- solid iron nickel, very dense

Lithosphere
Asthenosphere; asphalt
Mesosphere; lower mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core

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2 types of crust

oceanic crust;
continental crust

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a._____ Crust - very dense, made of basalt, thin and young

b.____ Crust - less dense, made of granite

Oceanic;
Continental

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Mantle - composed of (3) elements

Mg, Fe and Si

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The mantle:
- layers are ___
- more solid near the surface
- contains___ which is a ‘plastic’ layer

heterogenous;
Asthenosphere

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core:
- composed of __ and __
- very hot and is ___of earths weight
- outer core is___ and inner core is__

Nickel and Fe;
1/3;
liquid; solid

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In (year), scientist have identified an “_____” but it is still an on- going research on what is its chemical and physical composition.

2008;
innermost inner core

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___on the layers of the Earth is boundaries between the layers. Such discontinuity is due to ‘change in___!’

Discontinuity;
composition

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Discontinuity of earth (3) -

Mohorovicic discontinuity;
Gutenberg discontinuity;
Wiechert discontinuity

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boundary observed between crust and mantle

Mohorovicic discontinuity;

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boundary between mantle and outer core

Gutenberg discontinuity;

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boundary between outer core and inner core

Wiechert discontinuity

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Evidence why Earth is layered is because of ____which behave like light - it____ depending on the medium it travels. It travels through___.

seismic waves ;
refracts;
rocks

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3 Seismic Waves

P waves; S waves; Surface Waves

- are fast and the first waves to arrive to an observer

P waves

- slower than P-waves and it does NOT flow to liquid areas

S waves

- waves seen on above ground

surface waves

in asthenosphere, it is an area which is '____ so the velocity of P-waves is also '___.'

less rigid'; slow

Evidences for Continental Drift: (6)

.1 Matching coastlines 2. Matching fossils 3. Matching mountain ranges 4. Matching glacier deposits 5. Matching rock types 6. Matching rock ages

a simple theory that provides a unifying framework for understanding the way earth works and how earth systems interact to create our environment

Theory of Plate Tectonics

tectonic came from the __ word ___, which means contstruction

Greek; tektonikos

the continental drift theory was proposed by:

Alfred Wegener

Matching Coastlines (3)

South America and Africa fits - Africa and Asia fits - Oceania and Australia fits

is any evidence of ancient life

fossil

an evidence is considered still a fossil, there is an age limit which is it should be ___

10, 000 years old

2 types of fossil

direct; indirect

____termed as '___' such as bones; ____termed as '___' such as traces of plants and ___ fossilized 'poop' or feces

Direct fossils; remains Indirect fossils; imprints; coprolite

triassic reptile or dinosaur fossil that were found in Brazil and Africa.

cynognathus

- remains found in Africa, Antarctica and India

Lystrosaurus

- a freshwater swimming reptile were found in Argentina and Africa and nowhere else in the world

Mesosaurus

the fossils that support that continents were once connected and drift are the following: 3

a. Dinosaurs b. Fossil fern c. Glacial deposits

- this fossil fern were found in all the southern land masses (South America, Africa, India, Australia and Antarctica)

Glossopteris

- were found on all southern areas (South America, Africa, India, Australia and Antarctica)

Glacial Deposits

found across Europe and North America, if you piece them together there is a continuity (same rock type and same age); this is also found in South America and Africa which both has the same age of rocks

matching mountain ranges

Wegener's concept of a single supercontinent that broke apart to form the modern continents is called the ___

theory of continental drift

____- first supercontinent followed by Pangaea ___ - one ocean ___ - separated to Laurasia (Northern part of Pangaea) and Gondwanaland (the Southern part)

Rodinia; Panthalassa; Pangaea

helps understand processes by which Earth's subsystems interact as wel as features and phenomena produced by these interactions

Theory of plate tectonics

- led to realization that continents abd ocean basins (components of the lithosphere), atmosphere and hydrosphere evolved in concert with mantle and core subsystems on Earth's interior.

Theory of plate tectonics

can contain the oceanic and continental crusts.

tectonic plates

tectonic plates glide slowly over the___ at rates ranging from less than 1 to about __ cm/ year, about as fast as your fingernails grow.

asthenosphere; 16 cm

"the _____ are the ones cracked and not the continents"

lithospheric plates or tectonic plates

- is a fracture that separates one plate from another

Plate Boundary

neighboring plates can move relative to one another at these boundaries in three ways:

At Divergent Boundary; At Convergent Boundary ; At Transfrom Boundary

____- two plates move apart from each other ___- two plates move toward each other ___- two tectonic plates slide horizontally past each other

Divergent Boundary; Convergent Boundary ; Transfrom Boundary

- 3 kinds of Convergent boundaries

a) Oceanic-Continental Convergent Boundaries b) Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent Boundaries c) Continental-Continental Convergent Boundaries

oceanic crust sinks since it is denser and this area is called ___ which will give rise to a___ (the boundary between the subducting plate and the overlying plate)

subduction zone; trench

ince oceanic plate subducts, ti wil melt due to high temperature causing the magma ot rise which wil further cause formation of ___on the continental crust.

volcanic ranges

such convergence, forms trench and volcanic island arc such the case on formation of Philippines, Japan, Indonesia and Malaysia.

oceanic &oceanic plate convergence

___is a product of convergence of Philippine plate and Mainland Asia plate

Philippine Trench

- on South China Sea, the plate there diverge so part subduct on ____

Manila Trench

- inactive trench

Trough

continental &continental plate convergence, - is also known as a ____; which causes formation of mountains such as ___ Mountains (tallest) and ____ mountains (oldest). - there is no formation of___

collision boundary; Himalayan; Appalachain; volcanoes

forms where two plates slide horizontally past one another as they move in opposite directions.

Transform Plate Boundary

____is a transform boundary between the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate.

California's San Andreas Fault

frequent earthquakes; can occur in both oceans and continents

Transform Plate Boundary