C4 & C5

Question 1

The _____is where the land and sea meet, between the high and low tide zones.

Answer 1

intertidal area (also called the littoral zone)

Question 2

A ___ is an intertidal area that consists of___ rocks; it is often a___ rich environment
and can include many different habitat types like (4)

Answer 2

rocky shore;
solid;
biologically;
steep rocky cliffs, platforms, rock pools and boulder fields.

Question 3

Because of the continuously action of the tides, it is characterized by erosional features. Together with the wind, sunlight and other physical factors ti creates a complex environment.

Answer 3

rocky shore

Question 4

Organisms that live in this area experience daily fluctuations in their environment. For this reason, they must be able to tolerate extreme changes ni temperature, salinity, moisture and wave action to survive.

Answer 4

rocky shore

Question 5

____ is an angiosperm (flowering plant) that lives in a marine or brackish environment.

Answer 5

Sea grass

Question 6

There are about 50 species of true sea grasses worldwide that are found within the plant families (4)

Answer 6

Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae, Hydrocharitaceae, and Cymodoceaceae.

Question 7

____ are sometimes found in patches, but these patches can expand to form huge ____ or _____

Answer 7

Sea grasses;
sea grass beds, or meadows.

Question 8

____ are found in protected coastal waters such as bays, lagoons, and estuaries and in both___ and____ regions.

Answer 8

Sea grasses
temperate and tropical

Question 9

Sea grasses are___ plants and reproduce by___ and producing seeds. ____ are classified as protists (which also include protozoans, prokaryotes, fungi and sponges), are relatively simple and reproduce using ___.

Answer 9

vascular; flowering;
Marine algae; spores

Question 10

Sea grasses provide: (3)

Answer 10

Productivity and Shelter;
Sediment Stabilization;
Water Clarity

Question 11

____ to sea grasses include storms, climate changes such as floods and droughts affecting water salinity, disruption of sea grasses by small predators as they search for food, and grazing by animals such as sea turtles and manatees.

Answer 11

Natural threats

Question 12

____ to sea grasses include dredging, boating, water quality degradation due to run-off, and shading of sea grasses by docks and boat

Answer 12

Human threats

Question 13

Large wave resistant structures have accumulated from the slow growth of___. The development of these structures is aided by___ that are symbiotic with reef-building corals, known as-__.

Answer 13

corals;
algae;
zooxanthellae

Question 14

___,____, and other organisms, combined with a number of____ processes also contribute to reef growth.

Answer 14

Coralline algae; sponges;
cementation

Question 15

The dominant organisms are known as____, because they provide the matrix for the growing reef.

Answer 15

framework builders,

Question 16

Corals and coralline algae precipitate ____, whereas the framework- building sponges may also precipitate____.

Answer 16

calcium carbonate;
silica

Question 17

Most of these organisms (corals) are___, and the slow process of___ moves the living surface layer of the reef ___ and ____.

Answer 17

colonial;
precipitation;
upward and seaward

Question 18

of all ocean habitats,___ seem to have the greatest development of complex symbiotic associations.

Answer 18

(coral) reefs

Question 19

Coral reefs are ___, ___, ___ocean habitats that are rich in life. The reefs massive structure is formed from ____, tiny animals that live in colonies that when they die, they leave behind a hard, stony, branching structure made of____.

Answer 19

warm, clear, shallow;
coral polyps;
limestone

Question 20

Coral reefs develop in ___, ___ water, usually near___, and mostly in the___; coral prefer temperatures between ___ and ___

Answer 20

shallow, warm ;
land;
tropics;
70 and 85 ° F (21 - 30 °C).

Question 21

TYPES OF CORALS (2)

Answer 21

hard and soft coral

Question 22

__corals (like__ coral and __coral) have hard,___ skeletons which form the basis of coral reefs.

Answer 22

Hard;
brain and elk horn;
limestone

Question 23

The ___ Reef (off the coast of ____) is the largest coral reef in the world. It is over ____long.

Answer 23

Great Barrier; NE Australia;
1,257 miles (2000 km)

Question 23

Types of Reefs (3)

Answer 23

Fringing reefs;
Barrier reefs;
Coral Atolls

Question 23

are reefs that form along a coastline. They grow on the
continental shelf in shallow water

Answer 23

Fringing reefs

Question 24

are reefs that grow parallel to shorelines, but farther out, usually separated from the land by a deep lagoon.

Answer 24

Barrier reefs

Question 25

are rings of coral that grow on top of old, sunken volcanoes in the ocean. They begin as___ reefs surrounding a volcanic island; then, as the volcano sinks, the reef continues to grow, and eventually only the reef remains.

Answer 25

Coral Atolls ;
fringe;

Question 26

Major threats to coral reefs are: (4)

Answer 26

-water pollution (from sewage and agricultural runoff),
-dredging of the coast,
-careless collecting of coral specimens, and
-sedimentation (when silt or sand from construction or mining projects muddies the waters of a reef and kills coral, which needs light to live).