C6

Question 1

___is the place where living organisms capable to survive in a freezing cold~(__°C), perpetual darkness,__ pressure and___ chemicals.

Answer 1

Deep sea; 2;
high; toxic

Question 2

The deep sea starts where the sunlight starts to fade, around __m below the surface of the ocean. A___ zone extends down to __m, after which almost no light penetrates.

Answer 2

200m;
twilight; 1,000m

Question 3

In the deep sea, the water is cold, reaching __°C, and contains very little__. And the__ of the water above creates enormous pressures, up to __times that at the surface.

Answer 3

3°C;
oxygen;
weight; 1,000

Question 4

I the organisms on surface of the sea need photosynthesis, life on the deep sea needs___.

Answer 4

chemosynthesis

Question 5

___is a process which the microbes creates__ matter using oxygen in seawater to__ hydrogen sulfide, methane and other chemicals present in vent and seep fluid

Answer 5

Chemosynthesis;
organic;
oxidize;

Question 6

A place where chemical-rich fluids originate.

Answer 6

vents and seeps

Question 7

Energy provider for sustaining lush community from very harsh environment.

Answer 7

vents and seeps

Question 8

Spots on the ocean floor where methane and hydrogen sulfide seep up from hydrocarbon and other organic deposits.

Answer 8

seeps

Question 9

Determined by heat more than 450°C or 750°C from volcanism beneath the seafloor and acidic fluid condition that eventually rise back to the sea floor.

Answer 9

hydrothermal vents

Question 10

isolated underwater mountains called ___.

Answer 10

seamounts

Question 11

Found along the mid-ocean ridge system, a 60,000 km-long, underwater mountain range stretching around the planet like the stitching around a baseball.

Answer 11

hydrothermal vents

Question 12

DNA polymerases isolated from vent life were used to create the ____ the revolutionary process that has allowed scientists to quickly generate millions of copies of DNA from a single strand.

Answer 12

polymerase chain reaction, or PCR,

Question 13

what organisms are found at vents?

Answer 13

tubeworms

Question 14

this organism has feather-like red plumes that act as__, absorbing oxygen from seawater and hydrogen sulfide from vent fluids and transporting the chemicals to bacteria that live in their gut.

Answer 14

tubeworms;
gills

Question 15

Although the temperatures are extremely hot at sea floor, the ______keeps the fluid from boiling, and the liquid fluid’s contact with ___causes a fantastic, uninterrupted and uninterruptible cocktail of metals and minerals to precipitate out of the fluid and rain down upon the seabed below.

Answer 15

high (225 bar or 3,200 psi ambient pressure ; 2° C or colder surrounding seawater

Question 16

The precipitate in the hydrothermal process includes: (9)

Answer 16

iron, gold, silver, copper, zinc, cadmium, manganese, and sulfur, along with significant amounts of methane gas mixed into the fluid.

Question 17

Aside from the 9 precipitates mentioned, five (5) are also abundant

Answer 17

Halides, sulphates, chromates, molybdates and tungstates

Question 18

___ is any concentration of metallic minerals formed by the precipitation of solids from hot mineral-laden water (hydrothermal solution).

Answer 18

Hydrothermal Mineral Deposit

Question 19

___, in geology, is mineral deposit formed by chemical processes that dissolve a rock and deposit a new assemblage of minerals in its

Answer 19

Replacement deposit

Question 20

underwater mountains formed from volcanoes or sunken islands

Answer 20

seamounts (deep sea)

Question 21

seamounts are___meters from the ocean floor to a depth of___m

Answer 21

2000m; 1100m

Question 22

hottest place on the deep sea environment

Answer 22

black smokers

Question 23

Consists of an abundance of dark, fine-grained suspended particles of various metals and minerals that precipitate when mixed with the cold seawater and rain down onto the sea floor below.

Answer 23

black smokers

Question 24

they are a product of plate tectonics, the points at which the continental plates are pulling away from each other at a divergent boundary.

Answer 24

Mid-Ocean ridge

Question 25

products of mid ocean ridge system (4)

Answer 25

Iceland, Bermuda, the Azores, and Tristan da Cuhna

Question 26

The minerals found in these deposits (mid ocean ridge) are mainly: (3)

Answer 26

zinc, copper, and iron sulfides (pyrite, or 'fool's gold').

Question 27

The physical characteristics that deep sea life must contend with to survive are:

Answer 27

1. abiotic (non-living) ones, namely light (or lack thereof), pressure, currents, temperature, oxygen, nutrients and other chemicals; and 2. biotic ones, that is, other organisms that may be potential predators, food, mates, competitors or symbionts.

Question 28

The deep sea begins below about__ m, where sunlight becomes inadequate for photosynthesis. From there to about ___ m, the ____ zone, sunlight continues to decrease until ti is gone altogether. This faint light is ___ in color because all the other colors of light are absorbed at depth. The deepest ocean waters below 1,000 m are as black as night as far as sunlight is concerned.

Answer 28

200m; 1000 m; mesopelagic or "twilight"; deep blue

Question 29

, a chemical reaction in a microbe or animal body that creates light without heat

Answer 29

bioluminescence

Question 30

Many deep-sea fish such as the ____ have very large eyes to capture what little light exists. Other animals such as___ are essentially blind and instead rely on other, enhanced senses including smell, touch and vibration.

Answer 30

stout blacksmelt; tripodfishes

Question 31

Scientists think bioluminescence has six different functions:

Answer 31

1.headlights (photophores of lantern fish) 2.social signals 3. lures to attract curious prey (fishing lures of angler fish) 4. counter illumination; 5. confusing predators or prey, 6."burglar alarms"

Question 32

Most bioluminescence is __ or __, because those are the colors that travel farthest in water. As a result, most animals have lost the ability to see__ light, since that is the color of sunlight that disappears first with depth. But a few creatures, like the__, have evolved the ability to produce such light

Answer 32

blue, or blue-green; red; dragonfish

Question 33

Considering the volume of water above the deepest parts of the ocean, it's no wonder that ____ is one of the most important environmental factors affecting deep sea life.

Answer 33

hydrostatic pressure

Question 34

Pressure increases ___(atm) for each__ meters in depth.

Answer 34

1atmosphere ; 10 meters

Question 35

The deep sea varies in depth from__ m to about __ m, therefore pressure ranges from __atm to more than __atm

Answer 35

200 to 11,000 m; 20 atm to 1,100

Question 36

some organisms may use "__" (from the Greek "piezin" for__). These are small organic molecules recently discovered that somehow prevent pressure from distorting large biomolecules. One of these is ___

Answer 36

piezolytes; pressure; trimethylamine oxide (TMAO).

Question 37

This molecule is familiar to most people because ti gives rise to the fishy smell of marine fish and shrimp.

Answer 37

trimethylamine oxide (TMAO).

Question 38

pressure adaptations have only been studied in animals down to about ___ m.

Answer 38

5,000

Question 39

the separation of water layers of differing temperatures.

Answer 39

thermoclines

Question 40

the deep sea temperature remains between about __ to about __

Answer 40

-1 to about +4°C .

Question 41

__water can dissolve more oxygen than__ water, and the deepest waters generally originate from ___

Answer 41

cold; warm; shallow polar seas.

Question 42

These so-called ____ can travel at depth around the globe, and oxygen remains sufficient for life because there is not enough biomass to use it all up.

Answer 42

thermohaline currents

Question 43

, there are also oxygen-poor environments in___ zones, wherever there is no oxygen made by photosynthesis and there are no thermohaline currents. These areas, called ___, usually lie at depths between ___ m in temperate and tropical regions.

Answer 43

intermediate; oxygen minimum zones; 500 - 1,000

Question 44

first known animals to be living continuously without any oxygen.

Answer 44

Loriciferans

Question 45

In the absence of photosynthesis in the deep sea, most food consists of___ - the decaying remains of microbes, algae, plants and animals from the upper zones of the ocean - and other organisms in the deep.

Answer 45

detritus

Question 46

___on the seafloor that eat this "rain" of detritus include (3)

Answer 46

Scavengers; sea cucumbers (the most common benthic animal of the deep), brittle stars, and grenadier or rattail fish.

Question 47

group of worms (called____, meaning bone-eater) which grow root-like structures into the bone marrow

Answer 47

Osedax

Question 48

Some mesopelagic species have adapted to the low food supply (and sometimes to the low oxygen content) in moderate-depth waters with a special behavior called ___

Answer 48

vertical migration.

Question 49

(the most common mode of feeding in shallow waters)

Answer 49

filter feeding

Question 50

some deep-sea animals belonging to groups once thought to be exclusively filter feeders have evolves into carnivores just like the __

Answer 50

sea squirt megalodicopiahians

Question 51

___has a huge jaw-like siphon that can rapidly engulf swimming animals!

Answer 51

Megalodicopiahians

Question 52

the ping-pong-tree sponge, ____ its sponge has tree-like branches with large glass globes covered in Velcro-like sharp spikes that impale swimming prey!

Answer 52

Chondrocladia lampadiglobus.

Question 53

other adaptations of deep sea animals (4)

Answer 53

Body color; reproduction; gigantism; long-lives

Question 54

name of a giant tube worm

Answer 54

riftia

Question 55

, these occur at places (mostly along continental margins w h e r e cold methane which at depths below 500 m forms methane-hydrate "ice"), hydrogen sulfide, and/or oil seep out of sediments ot provide abundant energy

Answer 55

cold seeps

Question 55

rotten-egg gas

Answer 55

hydrogen sulfide

Question 56

Dense seep communities have also been found around deep ___, or "lakes within oceans."

Answer 56

brine pools

Question 57

In 2012, a new deep-sea ecosystem dubbed a "____" was discovered of ___. It is a mosaic of vent and seep communities, with many new species.

Answer 57

hydrothermal seep; Costa Rica