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FME > C6 > Flashcards

C6 Flashcards

1
Q

___is the place where living organisms capable to survive in a freezing cold~(__°C), perpetual darkness,__ pressure and___ chemicals.

A

Deep sea; 2;
high; toxic

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2
Q

The deep sea starts where the sunlight starts to fade, around __m below the surface of the ocean. A___ zone extends down to __m, after which almost no light penetrates.

A

200m;
twilight; 1,000m

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3
Q

In the deep sea, the water is cold, reaching __°C, and contains very little__. And the__ of the water above creates enormous pressures, up to __times that at the surface.

A

3°C;
oxygen;
weight; 1,000

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4
Q

I the organisms on surface of the sea need photosynthesis, life on the deep sea needs___.

A

chemosynthesis

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5
Q

___is a process which the microbes creates__ matter using oxygen in seawater to__ hydrogen sulfide, methane and other chemicals present in vent and seep fluid

A

Chemosynthesis;
organic;
oxidize;

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6
Q

A place where chemical-rich fluids originate.

A

vents and seeps

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7
Q

Energy provider for sustaining lush community from very harsh environment.

A

vents and seeps

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8
Q

Spots on the ocean floor where methane and hydrogen sulfide seep up from hydrocarbon and other organic deposits.

A

seeps

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9
Q

Determined by heat more than 450°C or 750°C from volcanism beneath the seafloor and acidic fluid condition that eventually rise back to the sea floor.

A

hydrothermal vents

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10
Q

isolated underwater mountains called ___.

A

seamounts

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11
Q

Found along the mid-ocean ridge system, a 60,000 km-long, underwater mountain range stretching around the planet like the stitching around a baseball.

A

hydrothermal vents

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12
Q

DNA polymerases isolated from vent life were used to create the ____ the revolutionary process that has allowed scientists to quickly generate millions of copies of DNA from a single strand.

A

polymerase chain reaction, or PCR,

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13
Q

what organisms are found at vents?

A

tubeworms

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14
Q

this organism has feather-like red plumes that act as__, absorbing oxygen from seawater and hydrogen sulfide from vent fluids and transporting the chemicals to bacteria that live in their gut.

A

tubeworms;
gills

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15
Q

Although the temperatures are extremely hot at sea floor, the ______keeps the fluid from boiling, and the liquid fluid’s contact with ___causes a fantastic, uninterrupted and uninterruptible cocktail of metals and minerals to precipitate out of the fluid and rain down upon the seabed below.

A

high (225 bar or 3,200 psi ambient pressure ; 2° C or colder surrounding seawater

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16
Q

The precipitate in the hydrothermal process includes: (9)

A

iron, gold, silver, copper, zinc, cadmium, manganese, and sulfur, along with significant amounts of methane gas mixed into the fluid.

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17
Q

Aside from the 9 precipitates mentioned, five (5) are also abundant

A

Halides, sulphates, chromates, molybdates and tungstates

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18
Q

___ is any concentration of metallic minerals formed by the precipitation of solids from hot mineral-laden water (hydrothermal solution).

A

Hydrothermal Mineral Deposit

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19
Q

___, in geology, is mineral deposit formed by chemical processes that dissolve a rock and deposit a new assemblage of minerals in its

A

Replacement deposit

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20
Q

underwater mountains formed from volcanoes or sunken islands

A

seamounts (deep sea)

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21
Q

seamounts are___meters from the ocean floor to a depth of___m

A

2000m; 1100m

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22
Q

hottest place on the deep sea environment

A

black smokers

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23
Q

Consists of an abundance of dark, fine-grained suspended particles of various metals and minerals that precipitate when mixed with the cold seawater and rain down onto the sea floor below.

A

black smokers

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24
Q

they are a product of plate tectonics, the points at which the continental plates are pulling away from each other at a divergent boundary.

A

Mid-Ocean ridge

25
Q

products of mid ocean ridge system (4)

A

Iceland, Bermuda, the Azores, and Tristan da Cuhna

26
Q

The minerals found in these deposits (mid ocean ridge) are mainly: (3)

A

zinc, copper, and iron sulfides (pyrite, or ‘fool’s gold’).

27
Q

The physical characteristics that deep sea life must contend with to survive are:

A
  1. abiotic (non-living) ones, namely light (or lack thereof), pressure, currents, temperature, oxygen, nutrients and other chemicals; and
  2. biotic ones, that is, other organisms that may be potential predators, food, mates, competitors or symbionts.
28
Q

The deep sea begins below about__ m, where sunlight becomes inadequate for photosynthesis. From there to about ___ m, the ____ zone, sunlight continues to decrease until ti is gone altogether. This faint light is ___ in color because all the other colors of light are absorbed at depth. The deepest ocean waters below 1,000 m are as black as night as far as sunlight is concerned.

A

200m;
1000 m; mesopelagic or “twilight”;
deep blue

29
Q

, a chemical reaction in a microbe or animal body that creates light without heat

A

bioluminescence

30
Q

Many deep-sea fish such as the ____ have very large eyes to capture what little light exists. Other animals such as___ are essentially blind and instead rely on other, enhanced senses including smell, touch and vibration.

A

stout blacksmelt;
tripodfishes

31
Q

Scientists think bioluminescence has six different functions:

A

1.headlights (photophores of lantern fish)
2.social signals
3. lures to attract curious prey (fishing lures of angler fish)
4. counter illumination;
5. confusing predators or prey,
6.”burglar alarms”

32
Q

Most bioluminescence is __ or __, because those are the colors that travel farthest in water. As a result, most animals have lost the ability to see__ light, since that is the color of sunlight that disappears first with depth. But a few creatures, like the__, have evolved the ability to produce such light

A

blue, or blue-green;
red;
dragonfish

33
Q

Considering the volume of water above the deepest parts of the ocean, it’s no wonder that ____ is one of the most important environmental factors affecting deep sea life.

A

hydrostatic pressure

34
Q

Pressure increases ___(atm) for each__ meters in depth.

A

1atmosphere ; 10 meters

35
Q

The deep sea varies in depth from__ m to about __ m, therefore pressure ranges
from __atm to more than __atm

A

200 to 11,000 m;
20 atm to 1,100

36
Q

some organisms may use “__” (from the Greek “piezin” for__). These are small organic molecules recently discovered that somehow prevent pressure from distorting large biomolecules. One of these is ___

A

piezolytes; pressure;
trimethylamine oxide (TMAO).

37
Q

This molecule is familiar to most people because ti gives rise to the fishy smell of marine fish and shrimp.

A

trimethylamine oxide (TMAO).

38
Q

pressure adaptations have only been studied in animals down to about ___ m.

A

5,000

39
Q

the separation of water layers of differing temperatures.

A

thermoclines

40
Q

the deep sea temperature remains between about __ to about __

A

-1 to about +4°C .

41
Q

__water can dissolve more oxygen than__ water, and the deepest waters generally originate from ___

A

cold;
warm;
shallow polar seas.

42
Q

These so-called ____ can travel at depth around the globe, and oxygen remains sufficient for life because there is not enough biomass to use it all up.

A

thermohaline currents

43
Q

, there are also oxygen-poor environments in___ zones, wherever there is no oxygen made by photosynthesis and there are no thermohaline currents. These areas, called ___, usually lie at depths between ___ m in temperate and tropical regions.

A

intermediate;
oxygen minimum zones;
500 - 1,000

44
Q

first known animals to be living continuously without any oxygen.

A

Loriciferans

45
Q

In the absence of photosynthesis in the deep sea, most food consists of___ - the decaying remains of microbes, algae, plants and animals from the upper zones of the ocean - and other organisms in the deep.

A

detritus

46
Q

___on the seafloor that eat this “rain” of detritus include (3)

A

Scavengers;
sea cucumbers (the most common benthic animal of the deep), brittle stars, and grenadier or rattail fish.

47
Q

group of worms (called____, meaning bone-eater) which grow root-like structures into the bone marrow

A

Osedax

48
Q

Some mesopelagic species have adapted to the low food supply (and sometimes to the low oxygen content) in moderate-depth waters with a special behavior called ___

A

vertical migration.

49
Q

(the most common mode of feeding in shallow waters)

A

filter feeding

50
Q

some deep-sea animals belonging to groups once thought to be exclusively filter feeders have
evolves into carnivores just like the __

A

sea squirt megalodicopiahians

51
Q

___has a huge jaw-like siphon that can rapidly engulf swimming animals!

A

Megalodicopiahians

52
Q

the ping-pong-tree sponge, ____ its sponge has tree-like branches with large glass globes covered in Velcro-like sharp spikes that impale swimming prey!

A

Chondrocladia lampadiglobus.

53
Q

other adaptations of deep sea animals (4)

A

Body color;
reproduction;
gigantism;
long-lives

54
Q

name of a giant tube worm

A

riftia

55
Q

, these occur at places (mostly along continental margins w h e r e cold methane which at depths below 500 m forms
methane-hydrate “ice”), hydrogen sulfide, and/or oil seep out of sediments ot provide abundant energy

A

cold seeps

55
Q

rotten-egg gas

A

hydrogen sulfide

56
Q

Dense seep communities have also been found around deep ___, or “lakes within oceans.”

A

brine pools

57
Q

In 2012, a new deep-sea ecosystem dubbed a “____” was discovered of ___. It is a mosaic of vent and seep communities, with many new species.

A

hydrothermal seep;
Costa Rica

FME (9 decks)

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