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Health and Social Care Unit one > C1 - The physical changes of ageing > Flashcards

C1 - The physical changes of ageing Flashcards

1
Q

Name changes to the heart that come with ageing.

A
  1. The heart may increase in size, causing the heart wall to thicken. This will make it more difficult for the heart muscles to relax and fill with blood between beats.
  2. Artery walls narrow due to clogging by fats called cholesterol, preventing blood from passing easily.
  3. Pacemaker cells decrease causing problems in the rhythm of the heart.
  4. The valves inside the heart that control the flow of blood thicken and become stiffer.
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2
Q

The changes that happen to the heart increase the risk of…

A
  • angina
  • hypertension
  • heart murmurs
  • stroke
  • heart attack
  • heart failure
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3
Q

Name the health facts that can exacerbate heart disease.

A
  • genetic inheritance
  • obesity
  • high blood pressure
  • diabetes
  • high blood cholesterol
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4
Q

What are the factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?

A
  • smoking
  • alcohol
  • diet high in salt
  • diet high in saturated fats
  • lack of exercise
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5
Q

Positive effects of cardiovascular disease in later life.

A
  • closer relationships with family members and friends.
  • choosing to improve lifestyle.
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6
Q

Negative effects of cardiovascular disease in later life.

A
  • loss of independence
  • anxiety about health
  • depression
  • anger
  • reduced mobility
  • frustration
  • loss of opportunity to develop new friendships
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7
Q

What does degeneration of the nervous tissue cause?

A
  • decline in short term memory
  • decline in verbal capacity
  • difficulty in receiving and processing information
  • reduction in reflexes and movement
  • effects on senses
  • increases reaction time
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8
Q

What is the average age for the onset of parkinson’s disease?

A

60 years old.

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9
Q

What are substantia nigra?

A

They are the dopamine producing cells.

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10
Q

What happens to the body for it to develop Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • The disease affects neurons in an area of the brain called the substantia nigra.
  • As these neurons die, the production of a chemical called dopamine decreases.
  • Dopamine sends messages to the part of the brain that controls movement and coordination.
  • Due to this decrease in dopamine, the body is unable to control the movement and coordination of the body.
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11
Q

What happens to taste as it degenerates?

A
  • the number of taste buds decreases, reducing the enjoyment of food and perhaps resulting in poor diet.
  • production of saliva decreases, affecting the taste and enjoyment of food.
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12
Q

What happens to smell as it degenerates?

A
  • the ability to smell decreases, reducing the ability to detect dangerous odours such as fumes or foods that have gone off.
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13
Q

What happens to sight as it degenerates?

A
  • vision becomes less sharp.
  • cataracts may develop - causing cloudiness in vision.
  • the vitreous (gel-line substance) in the eye starts to shrink - causing floaters.
  • peripheral vision deteriorates.
  • eye muscles become weaker - reducing field of vision.
  • pupils react more slowly in bright light or darkness.
  • increased risk of age-related macular degeneration - gradual loss of sight.
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14
Q

What happens to touch as it degenerates?

A
  • reduced sensitivity to temperature - lead to burns, frostbite or hypothermia.
  • reduced sensitivity to injury - lead to untreated pressure sores/ulcers.
  • increased sensitivty to touch - can cause bruising.
  • skin - becoming more sensitive to the sun - leads to sun burn or skin cancer.
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15
Q

What happens to hearing as it degenerates?

A
  • fluid filled tubes in the inner ear which help to maintain balance become affected, which may cause dizziness and falls.
  • the ability to hear high frequency sounds is more difficult.
  • tinnitus - experienced due to a build up of wax or damage to the ear.
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16
Q

Name social and emotional effects from the degeneration of sense organs.

A
  • low self-image
  • loss of independence
  • depression
  • anxiety
  • isolation
  • reduced opportunities for socialising because of difficulty in travelling/driving
  • difficulty in joining in conversations
  • difficulty in taking part in leisure activities e.g listening to music/reading
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17
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

It is a degenerative disease, a result of wear and tear of the joints and the ageing process.

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18
Q

What does osteoarthritis cause?

A

It causes the joints to become painful and stiff - especially the hips, knee, neck, lower back, hands or feet. This makes completing everyday tasks difficult to carry out.

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19
Q

What increases an individual’s chances of developing osteoarthritis?

A
  • Family history
  • Obesity
  • Being over 40 years old
  • Injury to joints
  • Being female
  • Joint abormality
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20
Q

Name some physical symptoms of osteoarthritis.

A
  • Thinning and roughening of the joint cartilage.
  • Pain and swelling in joints.
  • Bony outgrowths and spurs on the end of bones.
  • Difficulty in moving, walking, lifting heavy objects.
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21
Q

What will happen to the body if there’s a deficiency of vitamin D?

A
  • increases risk of osteoporosis
  • cancer
  • diabetes
  • reduces the body’s ability to absorb calcium
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22
Q

What will happen to the body if there’s a deficiency of calcium?

A
  • causes bone loss
  • increases risk of osteoporsis and fractures
23
Q

What will happen to the body if there’s a deficiency of Vitamin B12?

A
  • slows creation of red blood cells
  • reduces nerve function
24
Q

What will happen to the body if there’s a deficiency of magnesium?

A
  • impacts on immune system
  • impacts the function of the heart
25
Q

What will happen to the body if there’s a deficiency of Omega-3?

A
  • increases the risk of rheumatoid arthritis
  • increases the risk of macular degeneration
26
Q

What will happen to the body if there’s a deficiency of potassium?

A
  • weakens bones
  • reduces cell function
  • reduces kidney function
27
Q

What will happen to the body if there’s a deficiency of vitamin C?

A
  • slows healing and the development of healthy tissue.
28
Q

What will happen to the body if there’s a deficiency of iron?

A
  • increases the risk of anemia
29
Q

Define dementia.

A

Dementia is used as an umbrella term for describing a range of conditions which cause changes and damage to the brain. It is progressive - meaning that more parts of the brain are damaged overtime.

30
Q

What does dementia cause?

A
  • problems with language
  • problems with abstract thinking
  • misplacing things
  • personality changes
  • disorientation
  • memory loss
  • loss of initiative
  • difficulty performing familiar tasks
  • poor judgment
  • communication issues
31
Q

What might cause dementia?

A
  • a stroke may cause dementia because when the brain’s blood supply is restricted, brain cells begin to die.
32
Q

What lifestyle factors increase the risk of dementia?

A
  • smoking
  • an unhealthy diet
  • lack of exercise
33
Q

The risk of dementia increases with ‘…….’

A

age.

34
Q

What is the most common form of dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s disease.

35
Q

What does the onset of Alzheimer’s disease involves?

A

The onset is usually involves the parts of the brain which control brain and language.

36
Q

Why might a person’s risk of alzheimer’s be increased?

A
  • if a family member has had the condition
37
Q

How can Alzheimer’s be treated?

A
  • there is no treatment to cure or prevent the disease.
  • however, some medications may delay is progression for a limited time.
38
Q

How does Alzheimer’s effect the brain?

A
  • proteins called plaques and tangles build up in the brain.
  • this leads to a shortage of chemicals in the brain which then affects the transmission of signals.
39
Q

What are the effects of Alzheimer’s disease in the early stage?

A
  • decline in short-term memory
  • difficulty in completing routine tasks
  • impairment in thinking/problem solving
40
Q

What are the effects of Alzheimer’s disease in the later stage?

A
  • language impairment
  • lack of judgement
  • emotional behaviour
  • changes in behaviour
  • agitation
41
Q

What are the effects of alzheimer’s disease in the final stage?

A
  • unable to recognise family members
  • unable to feed or care for self.
  • lack of control of bodily functions
  • almost total loss of memory
  • death
42
Q

How are individuals with alzheimer’s in the early stage supported?

A
  • informal help with everyday tasks
  • medication
  • counselling
  • memory clinics
43
Q

How are individuals with alzheimer’s in the later stage supported?

A
  • community/specialist nurse visits
  • respite care
  • medication
  • support in the home with personal care
44
Q

How are individuals with alzheimer’s in the final stage supported?

A
  • residential/hospice care
  • personal/continence care
  • end of life care
45
Q

What are the physical impacts of depression?

A
  • difficulty falling or staying asleep
  • oversleeping or daytime sleepiness
  • increased use of alcohol or other drugs
  • weight loss/loss of appetite
  • fatigue
  • giving up or losing interest in hobbies and other past times.
46
Q

What are the psychological impacts of depression?

A
  • fixation on death, suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts.
  • loss of self worth, worries about being a burden, feeling of being worthless, self-loathing.
  • social withdrawal and isolation - not wanting to be with friends, leave the house or take part in activities.
  • sadness
47
Q

What are the physical effects of illnesses common in ageing?

A
  • make the body less able to fight infection
  • reduce stamina
  • cause pain and discomfort
  • impact on the senses, making them less sharp
  • affect vision and cause dizziness that could lead to falls
48
Q

What are the intellectual effects of illnesses common in ageing?

A
  • cause short-term memory loss
  • affect decision making skills
  • slow the ability to respond and react to information
  • cause difficulty in verbal communication
49
Q

What are the emotional effects of illnesses common in ageing?

A
  • cause emotional distresses e.g incontinence, communication difficulties
  • result in dependence on others for personal care
  • cause feelings of lack of control
  • brings families closer together
  • result in low self esteem.
50
Q

What are the social effects of illnesses common in ageing?

A
  • reduce the opportunity and ability to socialise with friends.
  • impact on senses or neural capacity - making socialising difficult
  • affect ability to communicate in groups
51
Q

Lifestyle choices that may impact or exacerbate the impact of ill health on older people - EXERCISE

A

Exercise
- Maintains muscle and strength
- Keeps the heart healthy
- Keeps the joins mobile.

52
Q

Lifestyle choices that may impact or exacerbate the impact of ill health on older people - HEALTHY DIET

A

Healthy diet
- maintains a healthy weight
- produces the additional nutrients needed to reduce a decline in health.

53
Q

Lifestyle choices that may impact or exacerbate the impact of ill health on older people - DRUGS

A

Drugs
- Not smoking reduces the impact of age related diseases
- Medication - that is prescribed correctly should control illness and not make it worse.
- Taking recreational drugs can negatively affect intellectual development and mood.

Health and Social Care Unit one (13 decks)

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