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Health and Social Care Unit one > A1 - Physical development across the life stages > Flashcards

A1 - Physical development across the life stages Flashcards

1
Q

What is growth?

A

Growth is described as a change in length, height, weight or dimensions.

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2
Q

What is development?

A

Development is the acquisition of skills and abilities throughout the life stages.

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3
Q

Define Gross Motor Skills.

A

Gross Motor Skills are skills involving large movements from large muscles. E.g: Torso, arms, legs, hands and feet.

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4
Q

Define Fine Motor Skills.

A

Fine Motor Skills are skills involving small movements from small muscles in the fingers and hands.

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5
Q

Define Milestones.

A

Milestones are developmental norms.

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6
Q

What are the four principles of growth?

A

The four principles of growth are:
* Growth rates are not constant
* Different parts of the body grow at different rates.
* Growth rates vary between children.
* The Growth rate of boys is usually faster on average than that of girls, as men tend to be taller than women.

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7
Q

What are the four areas of development?

A

The four areas of development are:
* Physical development
* Intellectual development
* Emotional development
* Social development

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8
Q

Define Physical development.

A

Physical development is the growth and other physical changes that happen to our body throughout life.

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9
Q

Define Intellectual development.

A

Intellectual development is the development of language, memory and thinking skills.

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10
Q

Define Emotional development.

A

Emotional development is the ability to cope with feelings about ourselves as welll as our feelings towards others.

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11
Q

Define Social development

A

Social Development is the ability to form friendships, relationships and being independent.

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12
Q

State each of the the life stages including their age ranges.

A

Life stages:

  • Infancy (0-2)
  • Early Childhood (3-8)
  • Adolescence (9-18)
  • Early Adulthood (19-45)
  • Middle Adulthood (46-65)
  • Later Adulthood (65+)
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13
Q

Where do Infants develop their gross motor skills?

A

Infants develop their gross motor skills from the head down.

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14
Q

A1.2

What are Newborns able to do? (Gross Motor Skills)

A

Newborns primarily use primitive reflexes such as the Palmer Grasp.

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15
Q

A1.2

What are Infants at 1 month old able to do? (Gross Motor Skills)

A

Infants at 1 month old are able to lift their chin, whilst also having some control of their head.

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16
Q

What can Infants do at around 6 months? (Gross Motor Skills)

A

At around 6 months, Infants can gradually control muscles in their neck and back so they can walk, sit and crawl.

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17
Q

What can Infants do at around 12-13 months? (Gross Motor Skills)

A

At around 12-13 months, the muscles in their legs develop so that they can stand alone and walk without help.

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18
Q

What can Infants do at around 18 months old?

A

At around 18 months old they can climb furniture.

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19
Q

A1.2

What can Infants do at around 2 years old? (Gross Motor Skills)

A
  • At 2 years, infants can propel a sit-on toy.
  • At 2 ½ years, they can kick a ball and jump from a low step.
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20
Q

A1.2

Name actions that use Gross Motor Skills.

A

Actions that use Gross Motor skills include:
* Walking
* Crawling
* Running
* Balancing
* Skipping
* Jumping
* Scooting
* Pushing
* Pulling
* Climbing
* Bending
* Co-ordinating

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21
Q

A1.3

What can Children at 3-4 years old do? (Gross Motor Skills)

A

At 3-4 years old, children can do a number of things. This includes:
* From around 3 years - they can pedal and control a bicycle.
* At around 3 years old, they can also throw a ball. But at 4 years old, they will be able to aim it.
* At 3-4 years old, they can balance and walk along a line.
* At 3-4 years old, they can run forwards and backwards.
* At 3-4 years old, they can hop on one foot.

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22
Q

A1.3

What can Children at 5-8 years old do? (Gross Motor Skills)

A

At 5-8 years old children are able to do even more things. Such as:
* From about 5-8 years old, they can balance on a low beam.
* At about 5-8 years old, they can hop, skip and jump confidently.
* At about 5-8 years old, they can accurately throw and catch a ball.
* At 5-8 years old, they can skip with a rope.
* By about 6 years old, they can ride a bicycle.

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23
Q

A1.2

What should a Newborn be able to do? (Fine Motor Skills)

`

A

Newborns should be able to hold their thumb in their fingers.

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24
Q

A1.2

What should an infant at 3 months old be able to do? (Fine Motor Skills)

A

At 3 months old, they should be able to hold a rattle for a short time.

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25
Q

A1.2

What should an infant at 6 months old be able to do? (Fine Motor Skills)

A

At 6 months old, they should be able to grasp a toy and pass it to their other hand. And also be able to pick up dropped toys if they’re in sight.

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26
Q

A1.2

What should an infant at 12-13 months old be able to do? (Fine Motor Skills)

A

At 12-13 months old, they should be able to manipulate and place toys.

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27
Q

A1.2

What should an infant be able to do at 18 months? (Fine Motor Skills)

A

They should be able to:
* build with small blocks
* use a spoon
* make marks with crayons using a palmar grip.

28
Q

A1.2

What should an infant at 2 years old be able to do? (Fine Motor Skills)

A

They should be able to:
* pull on shoes
* control their crayon to draw circles and dots.

29
Q

A1.3

What should children be able to do at 3 years old? (Fine Motor Skills)

A

They should be:

  • developing a tripod grasp,
  • able to use a fork and spoon,
  • turn pages of a book
  • button/unbutton clothing.
30
Q

A1.3

What should children be able to do at 4 years old? (Fine Motor Skills)

A

They should be able to:
* thread small beads
* colour in pictures

31
Q

A1.3

What should children at 5 years old be able to do? (Fine Motor Skills)

A

They should be able to:
* Control muscles in fingers
* Manipulate construction blocks and use hand eye coordination to fit the piece into the correct place.
* Writes their own name - forming letters correctly.
* By the time they’re 8, they will use joined up handwriting.

32
Q

A1.3

What is gripping? (Fine Motor Skills)

A

Gripping is having the strength in fingers and hands to hold an object firmly.

33
Q

A1.3

What is manipulation? (Fine Motor Skills)

A

Manipulation is skillfull movments of objects using fingers and hands, such as twisting and turning and passing objects from one hand to the other

34
Q

A1.3

What is hand-eye coordination? (Fine Motor Skills)

A

Hand eye coordination is the control of eye movement at the same time as finger and hand movement.

35
Q

A1.3

What are the activities which involve gripping? (Fine Motor Skills)

A

Activities which involve gripping are:
* holding a rattle
* holding a tricycle handle
* holding a spoon

36
Q

A1.3

What are the activities which involve hand eye - coordination? (Fine Motor Skills)

A

Activities which involve handeye coordination are:
* writing
* sewing
* completing jigsaw puzzles

37
Q

A1.3

What are the activites which involve manipulation? (Fine motor skills)

A

Activites which involve manipulation:
* building with blocks
* playing a musicial instrument
* playing with and placing farm animals/cars.

38
Q

A1.2

What are Infants able to do at 3 months old? (Gross Motor Skills)

A

Infants at 3 months old are able to lift their head and chest when they’re laying on their front.

39
Q

A1.2

What can Infants do at around 9-10 months? (Gross Motor Skills)

A

At around 9-10 months, Infants will start crawling and beginning to cruise (walking while holding on to objects).

40
Q

A1.2

What can Infants do at around 18 months? (Gross Motor Skills

A

Infants at 18 months should be able to climb onto furniture.

41
Q

A1.2

What should an Infant at 1 month old be able to do? (Fine Motor Skills)

A

At 1 month old, an Infant should be able to open their hands to grasp a finger.

42
Q

A1.2

What should infants be able to do at 9-10 months old? (Fine Motor Skills)

A

Infants aged 9-10 months, should be able to use their finger and thumb to hold a small object.

43
Q

A1.2

What should an Infant at 2 ½ years old be able to do? (Fine Motor Skills)

A

An Infant at 2 ½ years old should be able to use a fork and spoon.

44
Q

A1.4

What is Adolescence?

A

Adolescence is an important status change following the onset of Puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adult.

45
Q

A1.4

What is Puberty?

A

Puberty is a rapid change in growth which is experienced by both males and females.

46
Q

A1.4

How does Puberty start?

A

Puberty starts when a hormone in the brain sends a signal to the pituitary gland , which releases hormones that stimulate the Ovaries in girls and the Testes in boys to produce Sex Hormones.

47
Q

A1.4

Puberty in Boys

A
  • In boys, the hormone Testosterone is produced by the Testes.
  • It stimulates Sperm production in Males.
  • Boys also tend to start Puberty at around 13-15 years old.
48
Q

A1.4

Puberty in Girls

A
  • In girls, the hormone Oestrogen and Progesterone are produced in the Ovaries.
  • Oestrogen causes eggs to mature in the Ovaries.
  • Oestrogen/Progesterone are involved in maintaining the Uterus Lining.
  • In girls, Puberty tends to start between 11-13 years old, however it may be earlier.
49
Q

A1.4

What are Primary Sexual Characteristics?

A

Primary Sexual Characteristics are those that are present at birth.

50
Q

A1.4

What are Hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical substances produced in the body and transported in the bloodstream that stimulate secondary sexual characteristics.

51
Q

A1.4

What are Secondary Sexual Characteristics?

A

Secondary Sexual Characteristics appear during Puberty/Later in life.

52
Q

A1.4

Name Primary Sexual Characteristics that occur in females.

A

Primary Sexual Characteristics that occur in Females are:
* The Uterus enlarges and Vagina lengthens.
* The Ovaries begin to release eggs.
* The Menstrual cycle commences.

53
Q

A1.4

Name Primary Sexual Characteristics that occur in Males.

A

Primary Sexual Characteristics that occur in Males are:
* The enlargement of Penis and Testes.
* Spontaneous erections caused by blood flowing into chambers in the penis may happen.
* The Testicles begin to produce Spermatozoa (sperm), beginning of ejaculations.

54
Q

A1.4

Name Secondary Sexual Characteristics that occur in Females.

A

Secondary Sexual Characteristics that occur in Females are:
* The Breasts develop and the areola (the area around the nipple) swells and darkens.
* Hair grows in armpits and pubic area.
* Redistribution of body fat - causing hips to widen.

55
Q

A1.4

Name Secondary Sexual Characteristics that occur in Males.

A

Secondary Sexual Characteristics that occur in Males are:
* The Larynx changes which causes the voice to deepen.
* Hair grows in armpits, pubic hair and facial hair.
* Redistribution of muscle tissue and fat.

56
Q

A1.5

What is Maturation?

A

Maturation is where individuals reach their physical maturity and peak fitness.

57
Q

A1.5

Physical state between the ages of 19 and 28.

A

Physical state between the ages of 19 and 28:
* Hand-eye coordination is at its peak.
* Young adults have now reached their full height and strength.
* Reaction times and manual dexterity also reach their peak.
* Sexual characteristics are fully developed.
* Women are at their most fertile and can become Pregnant and Lactate.

58
Q

A1.5

Physical state after 28 years old.

A

Physical state after 28 years old:
* Decline in physical capabilities.
* Gradually lose strength and speed.
However, these changes may go unnoticed:
* Individuals have healthy diets.
* Maintain a healthy lifestyle.
* Take regular excercise

59
Q

A1.5

Pregnancy and lactation in a female.

A

Lifespan:
* During this stage Pregnancy can occur.
* During this, many women experience many Physical and emotional changes.
* During Pregnancy, hormones released can cause mood changes.
* Increase in Progesterone - maintains pregnancy.
* Oestrogen - may be responsible for sickness some suffer from.

60
Q

A1.5

The Healthy Lifestyle of a Pregnant Woman.

A

During Pregancy, there are a number of things women can do to keep both themselves and their baby healthy.
Such as:
* Not Smoking
* Not drinking alcohol.
* Not taking recreational drugs.
* Eating Healthily and not eating for 2.
* Getting a healthy eating routine.
* Taking pre-natal supplements.
* Keeping active - walking etc. But not starting completely new excercise habbits as soon as you get Pregnant - just stick to what your body is used to.

61
Q

A1.5

What is Perimenopause?

A

Perimenopause is the gradual ending of Menstruation.

62
Q

A1.5

The process of Perimenopause.

A
  • Women in their forties produce less Oestrogen from their Ovaries.
  • Ovaries don’t produce eggs every month.
  • This stage is generally given the name Perimenopause transition, this lasts until the Menopause.
  • An average is 4-5 years for this transition, however it could be months or years.
  • The stage of Perimenopause ends when a woman has not had a monthly period for 12 months.
  • During this period, women can experience emotional and physical symptoms.
63
Q

A1.5

What is Menopause?

A

Menopause is the ending of Female fertility, including the ending of Menstruation and the reduction in the production on Female sex organs.

64
Q

A1.5

Symptoms of Menopause

A

The symptoms of Menopause are:
* Hot flushes and night sweats.
* Mood Swings.
* Loss of Libido.
* Vaginal dryness.
* Fatigue.
* Irregular or very heavy periods.
* Trouble sleeping.
* Urine Leakage when coughing/sneezing.
* Urine Urgency.
This can also lead to:
* Anxiety/Depression
* Osteoperosis

65
Q

A1.6

Middle Age Spread

A

The Middle Age Spread is described as the phenomenon when adults may eat the same as they did in early adulthood but they’re less active in middle adulthood.

So this means that they may:
* Have increased weight and waistline.
* Loss of skin elasticity.
* Loss of muscle tone and strength
* Greying of hair
* Thinning of hair/hair loss
* Wrinkles.

66
Q

A1.7

What does Life Expectancy mean?

A

Life expectancy is the estimate of the number of years, on average, that a person can expect to live. It is sometimes called longevity
Nowadays, people tend to live longer.
This can be for a number of reasons, such as:
* Improved Healthcare.
* Pensions.
* Improved awareness of lifestyle choices.

67
Q

A1.7

The Ageing process in Later Adulthood

A

As people start to steadily approach Later Adulthood, there’s a decline/change in lots of things around the body.
This includes:
* Less elasticity in the skin.
* A decline in strength.
* Loss of muscle
* Loss of Stamina
* Reduction in vision
* Reduction in hearing
* Thinning of the hair on the head and in pubic areas.
* A decline in the performance of organs.
* Higher susceptibility to infection.
* Increased likelihood of injuries caused by falls.

There may also be a decline in their intellectual ability, such as:
* Memory
* Recall
* Speed of thinking

Older people are also more likely to have Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimers.

Health and Social Care Unit one (13 decks)

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