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BFS - Human Performance > C04 - The Atmosphere and Respiration > Flashcards

C04 - The Atmosphere and Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is the MSL Temperature?

A

+15°C.

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2
Q

What is the MSL Pressure (3)?

A
  • 1013.25 hPa.
  • 29.92 inHg.
  • 760 mmHg.
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3
Q

What is the MSL Density?

A

1.225km/m³.

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4
Q

What is Dalton’s Law?

A

The Total Pressure is the sum of all pressures of each gas in the Atmosphere.

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5
Q

What is the formula of Dalton’s Law?

A

Total Air Pressure = P N2 + P O2 + P CO2 + P others + P H2O.

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6
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

The amount of gas dissolved is proportional to its Partial Pressure.

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7
Q

True or False. As Atmospheric Pressure drops, so too will the Partial Pressure of its constituent gases?

A

True.

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8
Q

As Altitude ‘____’, the amount of Oxygen absorbed into the blood stream will ‘____’ (2)?

A
  • Increases.

- Decreases.

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9
Q

What is the minimum Partial Pressure of Oxygen in the Lungs required in an Aviation Environment?

A

55 mmHg.

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10
Q

At what Altitude can the effects of Partial Pressure below 55 mmHg occur?

A

12,000 ft.

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11
Q

By ‘____’, ‘____’ Oxygen is needed to maintain a Partial Pressure of Oxygen equivalent to that at sea level (2)?

A
  • 33,700 ft.

- 100%.

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12
Q

At ‘____’, no amount of Oxygen (even at 100%) produces the minimum Partial Pressure of 55 mmHg?

A

40,000 ft.

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13
Q

What requirement of Oxygen is needed up to 10,000 ft?

A

No specific requirement.

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14
Q

What requirement of Oxygen is needed above 10,000 ft?

A

Supplemental Oxygen required.

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15
Q

What requirement of Oxygen is needed from 10,000 ft to 33,700 ft?

A

Increasing percentage of Oxygen required.

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16
Q

What requirement of Oxygen is needed from 33,700 ft to 40,000 ft?

A

100% Oxygen required.

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17
Q

What requirement of Oxygen is needed above 40,000 ft?

A

Pressurised 100% Oxygen required.

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18
Q

The Cabin Pressure is allowed to drop progressively to a value equivalent to an Altitude of about ‘____’ and no more than ‘____’ (2)?

A
  • 6,000 ft.

- 8,000 ft.

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19
Q

Flight Crews are required to use supplemental oxygen if Cabin Pressure exceeds ‘____’ for ‘____’, or whenever the Cabin Altitude exceeds ‘____’ for ‘____’ (4)?

A
  • 10,000 ft.
  • 30 minutes or more.
  • 13,000 ft.
  • Any period of time.
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20
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

The sum of pressure and volume of gas remains constant in an enclosed area.

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21
Q

According to Boyle’s Law, if Pressure increases, the volume must?

A

Decrease.

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22
Q

According to Boyle’s Law, if Pressure decreases, the volume must?

A

Increase.

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23
Q

What is Charles’ Law?

A

The volume of mass of gas is directly proportional to its Temperature at a constant Pressure.

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24
Q

‘____’ is a semi rigid tube about ‘____’ in diameter, held in shape by rings of ‘____’ (3)?

A
  • Trachea.
  • 1.8 cm.
  • Cartilage.
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25
Q

The Trachea branches into two main ‘____’?

A

Bronchi.

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26
Q

Define Alveoli?

A

Small spherical bag-like structures grouped into clusters called Alveolar Sacks.

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27
Q

True or False. The arrangement of Alveoli gives the maximum possible contact between the air in the Alveoli and the blood supply?

A

True.

28
Q

There are about ‘____’ Alveoli in an average Lung providing a total area for gas exchange of about ‘____’ (2)?

A
  • 300 million.

- 80m².

29
Q

Once in the blood plasma, the Oxygen molecules bind to the ‘____’ carried in the red blood cells?

A

Haemoglobin.

30
Q

The process of taking Oxygen from the air and diffusing into the blood stream and expelling unwanted gases is called?

A

External Respiration.

31
Q

The use of Oxygen within each cell to create energy by oxidising fuel is called?

A

Internal Respiration.

32
Q

The maximum lung volume of about ‘____’ is called the ‘____’ (2)?

A
  • 6 Litres.

- Total Lung Capacity.

33
Q

Not all air in the lungs is breathed out. Approximately ‘____’ remains. This is called the ‘____’ (2)?

A
  • 1.4 Litres.

- Residual Volume.

34
Q

The volume of air breathed in and out is known as the ‘____’ and averages about ‘____’ during quiet breathing (2)?

A
  • Tidal Volume.

- 500 ml.

35
Q

The Tidal Volume increases as the demand for Oxygen ‘____’?

A

Increases.

36
Q

The ‘____’ is the maximum amount of air that the person can breathe in and then forcibly out?

A

Vital Capacity.

37
Q

The difference between the current Tidal Volume and the Vital Volume is the ‘____’?

A

Reserve Volume.

38
Q

The difference between the amount of breath actually taken in, versus the amount of air that could be taken in, is called the ‘____’?

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume.

39
Q

The difference between the amount of air actually breathed out, to the amount of air that could possibly breathe out, is called the ‘____’?

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume.

40
Q

The average rate of respiration is about ‘____’?

A

12 breaths per minute.

41
Q

The saturation level of Oxygen in the blood stream only starts to fall below ‘____’ when the partial pressure drops to 60 mmHg. Above that, Oxygen Saturation is held close to ‘____’ (2)?

A
  • 90%.

- 98%.

42
Q

Define Hypoxia?

A

Insufficient Oxygen to support the metabolism of the tissues.

43
Q

Define Hypoxic Hypoxia?

A

Insufficient Partial Pressure of Oxygen.

44
Q

Define Anaemic Hypoxia?

A

Insufficient amounts of Haemoglobin in the red blood cells.

45
Q

Define Stagnant Hypoxia?

A

Result of low/poor blood flow.

46
Q

Define Histotoxic Hypoxia?

A

Poisoning of the blood cells resulting in low supply of Oxygen to body cells.

47
Q

Which Hypoxia is the real risk for Pilots?

A

Hypoxic Hypoxia.

48
Q

True or False. A biological cause of Hypoxia is Asthma?

A

True.

49
Q

Define Hyperventilation?

A

Breathing faster and/or deeper than necessary for the body’s current demand of Oxygen.

50
Q

What happens when Hyperventilating?

A

Lack of CO2 in the blood caused by excessive flushing of CO2.

51
Q

Define Humidity?

A

The amount of Water Vapour in the Atmosphere.

52
Q

‘____’ Temperatures require more Water Vapour to reach saturation?

A

Higher.

53
Q

Lower Temperatures require ‘____’ Water Vapour to reach saturation?

A

Less.

54
Q

True or False. As the Temperature of an Air Mass decreases it will eventually reach its saturation point (Dew Point) without adding any more water?

A

True.

55
Q

Define Absolute Humidity?

A

A quantity representing the actual amount of Water Vapour in a Gas.

56
Q

True or False. Absolute Humidity does take Temperature into consideration?

A

False. It does not.

57
Q

True or False. Absolute Humidity doesn’t vary with changes in Air Temperature and Pressure?

A

False. It does.

58
Q

Define Relative Humidity?

A

The amount of Water Vapour present in the air, expressed as a percentage of the amount required to reach saturation at the same Temperature?

59
Q

A higher percentage means that the air-water mixture is ‘____’?

A

More Humid.

60
Q

Relative Humidity is a good indicator of the likelihood of what (3)?

A
  • Precipitation.
  • Dew.
  • Fog.
61
Q

Define Specific Humidity?

A

The ratio of Water Vapour content to the Total Air Content on the mass basis.

62
Q

Define Mixing Ratio?

A

The weight of Water Vapour per unit weight of dry air.

63
Q

What is the difference between Specific Humidity and Mixing Ratio (2)?

A
  • Specific Humidity includes the weight of Water Vapour.

- Mixing Ratio uses the weight of Dry Air.

64
Q

The Atmosphere is made up of ‘____’ Water Vapour?

A

1%.

65
Q

The air in our Lungs remains constantly ‘____’ saturated at ‘____’ (2)?

A
  • 100%.

- 37°C.

66
Q

Water Vapour in the Lungs reduces the Total Pressure of Air in the Lungs by a constant ‘____’?

A

47 mmHg.

67
Q

What is the Total Pressure in the Lungs when at sea level?

A

713 mmHg (760-47).

BFS - Human Performance (17 decks)

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