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microbiology > C-9 > Flashcards

C-9 Flashcards

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1
Q

antigens

A

pieces of pathogens recognized as foreign and worthy of attack by immune system

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2
Q

epitopes

A

part of the antigen that determines the immune response

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3
Q

autoantigens

A

comes from self/healthy/normal cells

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4
Q

exogenous antigens

A

extracellular pathogen that has to be eaten and presented by phagocytes (APCs)

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5
Q

endogenous antigens

A

intracellular pathogen presented by infected cell

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6
Q

B-cells

A
  • mature in the bone marrow
  • involved in antibody or humoral immune responses
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7
Q

T-cells

A
  • mature in the thymus
  • involved in cellular immune response
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8
Q

helper T cells

A
  • help regulate B cells
  • help regulate cytotoxic T cells
  • secrete cytokines that regulate the immune system
  • on surface
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9
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A
  • directly kill other cells infected with viruses or intracellular pathogens as well as cancer cells
  • on cell surface
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10
Q

plasma cells

A

result when B cells bind the epitope of an antigen; produce and secrete immunoglobulins against the specific antigen that activated them

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11
Q

antigen presenting cell

A
  • Cells that process and display exogenous antigens to T cells.
  • They are the links between innate and adaptive immunity
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12
Q

3 types of APCs

A

dendritic (skin and mm; phagocytes)
macrophages (phagocytes)
B cells (communicate between T cells)

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13
Q

how endogenous and exogenous antigens are presented by nucleated cells and professional antigen-presenting cells

A

endogenous: presented by infected cell

exogenous: presented by phagocytes (APCs)

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14
Q

identify the type of T cell the exogenous and endogenous antigens are presented to

A

endogenous: cytotoxic t cells
exogenous: helper T cells

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15
Q

What is the difference between MHC class I and MHC class II receptors and which cells have
them?

A

MHC 1: nucleated cells; endogenous; cytotoxic t cells (CD8)
MHC 2: APCs; exogenous; helper T cells (CD4)

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16
Q

how antibody-mediated-immunity (AMI) and cell-mediated-immunity (CMI) respond to the presence of an antigen (beginning from antigen presentation and ending with AMI or CMI)

A
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17
Q

properties of antibodies

A
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18
Q

how are antibodies produced

A

by B cells

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19
Q

neutralization

A

toxins, viruses, or bacteria are neutralized by blocking adhesion molecules on their surfaces

20
Q

opsonization

A

help coat pathogens so phagocytes can eat them

21
Q

agglutination

A

clump pathogens tighter so they are easer to be phagocytosed
and filtered of the blood by the spleen

22
Q

ADCC

A

coats pathogens in antibodies so they can be performed by NK cells

23
Q

IgA

A

neutralization; traps pathogens in mucous

24
Q

IgG

A

complement, activation, agglutination, neutralization, ADCC

25
Q

IgE

A

activate immune cells

26
Q

IgM

A

complement, activation, agglutination, neutralization

27
Q

IgD

A

B cell receptor

28
Q

natural immunity

A

transfer of maternal antibodies; develops after exposure to antigen in environment

29
Q

artificial immunity

A

develops after administration of antigen; external administration of antibodies to fight infection

30
Q

active immunity

A

body developed antibodies itself in response to an antigen

31
Q

passive immunity

A

provided by antibodies made from another source

32
Q

attenuated immunity

A

Whole living pathogen that has been attenuated (weakened) to be avirulent in the lab

33
Q

inactivated immunity

A

Whole “killed” pathogen treated with heat, chemicals (like formaldehyde), or radiation

34
Q

toxoid immunity

A

toxins produced by pathogen are chemically inactivated

35
Q

combination immunity

A

combine multiple antigens into single vaccine

36
Q

mRNA immunity

A

mRNA encoding pathogen antigen directly injected into host

37
Q

agglutination for immunologic diagnostics

A

antibodies are used to perform blood typing

38
Q

immunoprecipitation

A

Precipitation is used to test
whether a patient’s serum
contains antibodies against a
certain pathogen – can indicate
exposure

39
Q

immunofluorescent microscopy

A
  • Another way to tell if a patient has been exposed to a pathogen
  • cells on slide, serum over cells, Antibodies against IgG that are labeled with a fluorescent green dye are then applied which will
    stick to the patient’s antibodies
  • positive exposure is green
40
Q

ELISA

A
  • test exposure to pathogens (determines antibody titers in serum)
  • many samples at once
  • sensitive test
41
Q

diagnostic skin tests

A

injecting small amounts of allergen into skin to see reaction

42
Q

primary immunodeficiency

A

Affect infants and young children and result from a genetic or developmental defect

43
Q

secondary immunodeficiency

A

Develop later in life as a consequence of malnutrition, severe stress, infectious disease etc.

44
Q

4 types of hypersensitivity mechanisms

A

immediate
cytotoxic
immune complex-mediated
delayed

45
Q

autoimmune disease

A

where the immune system attacks the “self”

46
Q

how are autoimmune diseases related to hypersensitivity

A

hypersensitivity is an immune response against a foreign antigen that is hyper active beyond what is normal and can result in an autoimmune disease

microbiology (15 decks)

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