C-9 Flashcards
antigens
pieces of pathogens recognized as foreign and worthy of attack by immune system
epitopes
part of the antigen that determines the immune response
autoantigens
comes from self/healthy/normal cells
exogenous antigens
extracellular pathogen that has to be eaten and presented by phagocytes (APCs)
endogenous antigens
intracellular pathogen presented by infected cell
B-cells
- mature in the bone marrow
- involved in antibody or humoral immune responses
T-cells
- mature in the thymus
- involved in cellular immune response
helper T cells
- help regulate B cells
- help regulate cytotoxic T cells
- secrete cytokines that regulate the immune system
- on surface
cytotoxic T cells
- directly kill other cells infected with viruses or intracellular pathogens as well as cancer cells
- on cell surface
plasma cells
result when B cells bind the epitope of an antigen; produce and secrete immunoglobulins against the specific antigen that activated them
antigen presenting cell
- Cells that process and display exogenous antigens to T cells.
- They are the links between innate and adaptive immunity
3 types of APCs
dendritic (skin and mm; phagocytes)
macrophages (phagocytes)
B cells (communicate between T cells)
how endogenous and exogenous antigens are presented by nucleated cells and professional antigen-presenting cells
endogenous: presented by infected cell
exogenous: presented by phagocytes (APCs)
identify the type of T cell the exogenous and endogenous antigens are presented to
endogenous: cytotoxic t cells
exogenous: helper T cells
What is the difference between MHC class I and MHC class II receptors and which cells have
them?
MHC 1: nucleated cells; endogenous; cytotoxic t cells (CD8)
MHC 2: APCs; exogenous; helper T cells (CD4)
how antibody-mediated-immunity (AMI) and cell-mediated-immunity (CMI) respond to the presence of an antigen (beginning from antigen presentation and ending with AMI or CMI)
properties of antibodies
how are antibodies produced
by B cells
neutralization
toxins, viruses, or bacteria are neutralized by blocking adhesion molecules on their surfaces
opsonization
help coat pathogens so phagocytes can eat them
agglutination
clump pathogens tighter so they are easer to be phagocytosed
and filtered of the blood by the spleen
ADCC
coats pathogens in antibodies so they can be performed by NK cells
IgA
neutralization; traps pathogens in mucous
IgG
complement, activation, agglutination, neutralization, ADCC
IgE
activate immune cells
IgM
complement, activation, agglutination, neutralization
IgD
B cell receptor
natural immunity
transfer of maternal antibodies; develops after exposure to antigen in environment
artificial immunity
develops after administration of antigen; external administration of antibodies to fight infection
active immunity
body developed antibodies itself in response to an antigen
passive immunity
provided by antibodies made from another source
attenuated immunity
Whole living pathogen that has been attenuated (weakened) to be avirulent in the lab
inactivated immunity
Whole “killed” pathogen treated with heat, chemicals (like formaldehyde), or radiation
toxoid immunity
toxins produced by pathogen are chemically inactivated
combination immunity
combine multiple antigens into single vaccine
mRNA immunity
mRNA encoding pathogen antigen directly injected into host
agglutination for immunologic diagnostics
antibodies are used to perform blood typing
immunoprecipitation
Precipitation is used to test
whether a patient’s serum
contains antibodies against a
certain pathogen – can indicate
exposure
immunofluorescent microscopy
- Another way to tell if a patient has been exposed to a pathogen
- cells on slide, serum over cells, Antibodies against IgG that are labeled with a fluorescent green dye are then applied which will
stick to the patient’s antibodies - positive exposure is green
ELISA
- test exposure to pathogens (determines antibody titers in serum)
- many samples at once
- sensitive test
diagnostic skin tests
injecting small amounts of allergen into skin to see reaction
primary immunodeficiency
Affect infants and young children and result from a genetic or developmental defect
secondary immunodeficiency
Develop later in life as a consequence of malnutrition, severe stress, infectious disease etc.
4 types of hypersensitivity mechanisms
immediate
cytotoxic
immune complex-mediated
delayed
autoimmune disease
where the immune system attacks the “self”
how are autoimmune diseases related to hypersensitivity
hypersensitivity is an immune response against a foreign antigen that is hyper active beyond what is normal and can result in an autoimmune disease
