C-13 Flashcards
What is the major pathogen that causes urinary tract infections?
E. coli; has adhesions on fimbriae to stick to urethra; lives in colon
what bacteria is found in the urethra
lactobacilli
inflammation in kidneys
pyelonephritis (no bacteria in kidneys)
inflammation of bladder
cystitis (no bacteria in bladder)
inflammation of urethra
urethritis (bacteria in urethra)
What are some risk factors for urinary tract infections?
- Having female anatomy
- Being a pre-adolescent or post-menopausal female
- Having an enlarged prostate gland
- Catheter use
- Not drinking adequate fluids
UTI signs and treatment
- Intense urgent, frequent, and painful urination with or
without blood in the urine - antibiotics
What is the causative agent of bacterial vaginosis?
- Gardnerella vaginalis
- fishy odor
Which bacterial STI is caused by a
spirochete? What are 4 stages of infection? How is it treated?
- syphilis
- primary, secondary, latent, tertiary
- penicillin
What is the most predominant bacterial resident of the vagina?How do hormones affect its growth? What does this resident do to prevent infection?
- Lactobacilli
- Estrogens cause cells to produce glycogen that Lactobacilli ferment into lactic acid
- Lactic acid lowers the pH and makes the vagina in hospitable to other organisms
What allows UPEC to move from the urethra up the urinary tract to cause cystitis and pyelonephritis? What can help prevent these bacteria from infecting the urinary tract?
flagella; more fluids
What is the most common bacterial STI? What structure is this bacterial pathogen missing and how does that impact how it’s treated?
Chlamydia; Missing a cell wall – can’t use cell wall targeting antibiotics like penicillin
Which virus causes genital herpes? Where does this virus “hang out” during latent infection?
HSV-2; Nerve cell ganglia (usually sacral ganglia)
What viruses cause genital warts? How is infection prevented?
Human papillomaviruses (HPV)s; Gardisil 9 vaccine, barriers during sex, screening
What causes AIDS? How is it different from HIV?
Caused by HIV – human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS is a syndrome – collection of diseases associated with HIV+
how is HSV-2 treated
nucleoside analogs like acyclovir
how is HPV treated
wart removal
how is HIV treated
ART – antiretroviral therapy
What is the causative agent of vaginal candidiasis? What can cause vaginal candidiasis to develop? How is it treated?
Candida albicans; Antibiotic treatment that kills normal flora; Antifungals – azoles
Which STI is caused by Neisseria gonorrheae? What does Neisseria gonorrheae look like? What are the signs and symptoms of infection? How is this infection treated?
Gonorrhea “The clap”; Gram negative diplococci; Symptomatic in males more than females – burning with urination, pus/dischargeurination, pus/discharge; Currently treated with ceftriaxone plus azithromycin
What causes Trichomoniasis? What kind of organism is it? What are signs and symptoms? How is it treated?
Trichomonas vaginalis; Protozoan; Symptomatic in females – green/yellow smelly
discharge, vaginal irritation and lesions; Azole therapy for both patient and partner
Which STIs can be asymptomatic for females?
Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
Which STIs can be asymptomatic for males?
Trichomoniasis
which pathogen can influence recurrent urinary tract infections by E. coli? What other disease does it cause?
Gardnerella vaginalis
Bacterial Vaginosis
characteristics of Primary syphilis
hard, painless chancre
characteristics of Secondary syphilis
variable rash
characteristics of Tertiary syphilis
formation of gumma, neurological
issues
