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microbiology > C-6 > Flashcards

C-6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sterilization (when and why used? -cidal or -static)

A

The removal, death or deactivation of all microbes; remove microbes from surgical tools (i.e.) to prevent contamination in sterile environment or procedure; -cidal

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2
Q

disinfection/disinfectant

A

the use of physical or chemical agents to inhibit growth or destroy microbes on inanimate objects and surfaces; cleaning countertops; mainly -static (doesn’t guarantee)

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3
Q

antisepsis/antiseptic

A

When a chemical is used on skin or other tissue to remove and/or kill potentially harmful (pathogenic) microbes; prep skin for surgery; -static

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4
Q

aseptic

A

An environment or
practice/procedure/technique that is free of
contamination by pathogens; sterile equipment to keep area sterile; not necessarily killing microbes -static

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5
Q

sanitization

A

Cleansing technique that mechanically removes microbes to reduce the number of pathogenic microbes to safe levels as
determined by public health standards; cleaning equipment or dishes for reusing; mainly -static

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6
Q

bactericidal vs bacteriostatic

A

destroy and kill microbe vs inhibiting growth

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7
Q

dry heat (mechanism of killing, use, advantages, disadvantages, which category of microbial control they would fall under, –cidal or –static)

A
  • burns proteins and membranes (denatures)
  • a way to sterilize without getting moistening items that must stay dry
  • requires higher heat for longer than moist heat (slower)
  • form of sterilization; -cidal
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8
Q

moist heat

A
  • denatures proteins and destroys membranes
  • boiling, autoclave, pasteurizing, high temp sterilization
  • more effective than dry heat (quicker)
  • both sterilizing and disinfecting depending on type (boiling is -cidal)
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9
Q

low temperature

A
  • refrigeration and freezing
  • stops growth of most pathogens
  • slow microbial metabolism and growth - liquid water not available at
    subzero temperatures, and membranes can freeze/become punctured by ice crystals
  • some pathogens can survive this method
  • form of disinfectant (-static)
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10
Q

filtration

A
  • sterilize materials that are heat-sensitive
  • can remove pathogens from the air
  • traps microbes and prevents them from contaminating liquids or air
  • doesn’t kill microbes only traps them
  • static
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11
Q

osmotic pressure

A
  • preserve food by using high salt or sugar concentrations to inhibit microbial growth
  • cells in hypertonic solution lose water to inhibit metabolism that relies on water
  • some fungi tolerate hypertonic more than bacteria
  • static
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12
Q

radiation (ionizing - gamma rays)

A
  • sterilize things that can’t be autoclaved; to preserve food
  • gamma rays emitted by X-rays
  • destroys DNA by introducing double-stranded breaks; when the cell attempts to repair the DNA it can introduce mutations
  • takes a long time and can’t penetrate iron or lead
  • sterilization - cidal
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13
Q

phenols

A
  • antiseptic for surgery
  • denatures proteins and disrupts cell walls
  • smelly and triclosan was banned from households
  • disinfectant or antiseptic use
  • cidal
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14
Q

alcohols

A
  • denatures proteins and disrupts membranes
  • depends on the presence of water for effectiveness
  • not effective against fungal spores, endospores, or naked viruses and flammable
  • antiseptic or disinfectant
  • cidal
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15
Q

halogens

A
  • denatures proteins and enzymes by oxidizing them
  • disinfect water or surfaces in water
  • can be irritating to skin and toxic if absorbed
  • disinfectant or antiseptic
  • cidal
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16
Q

oxidizers

A
  • damage microbial proteins and DNA
  • deep wounds, drinking water
  • expensive, hydrogen peroxide can be broken down and not effective on open wounds
  • antiseptic, disinfectant, sterilizer
  • cidal
17
Q

surfactants/detergents/quats

A
  • physically degerm objects and hands
  • reduce surface tension of water which disrupts cell membranes
  • doesn’t kill naked viruses, organic contaminants can deactivate quats
  • antiseptic and disinfectant
  • cidal
18
Q

heavy metals

A
  • denatures proteins
  • mouthwash, creams for burns
  • toxic to human cells at high concentration
  • antiseptic and disinfectant
  • cidal
19
Q

aldehydes

A
  • denatures proteins, cross-links nucleic acids
  • preservation and sterilization -cidal
  • irritating mucous membranes; more expensive; very smelly
  • cidal
  • disinfectant and sterilizer
20
Q

gaseous agents

A
  • cross-link organic functional groups (denature protein)
  • sterilizes difficult to reach or heat sensitive items (-cidal)
  • highly explosive, extremely poisonous to humans, and carcinogenic
21
Q

enzymes

A
  • denature proteins or cell components by lysing them
  • antiseptic and disinfectant (-static)
  • highly specific (disadvantage)
22
Q

antimicrobial drugs

A
  • targets cell walls, membranes, protein synthesis
  • controls microbes
  • highly specific and microbes can become resistant (disadvantage)
23
Q

phenol coefficient test

A
  • assesses the effectiveness of disinfectants and antiseptics
  • compares the ability of another agent to control microbes
24
Q

in-use test

A
  • samples are taken of equipment before and after application of disinfectant or antiseptic to compare
  • swabs inoculated into growth media, incubated, and tested
  • allows assessment of whether the strength of an agent is appropriate for its use

microbiology (15 decks)

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