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microbiology > C-4 > Flashcards

C-4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

central dogma of molecular biology (DNA -> RNA -> Protein)

A
  • DNA is replicated to proved a blueprint for each daughter cell produced during cell division (DNA->DNA)
  • DNA is used as a blueprint to create transcripts of specific genes (DNA->RNA)
  • RNA transcripts are used as instructions for ribosomes to synthesize proteins (RNA->protein)
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2
Q

process of gene expression

A

making a product from the information stored or encoded in the gene

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3
Q

chromosomal DNA vs plasmid DNA (what kinds of genes are housed on the chromosomes versus plasmids?)

A

chromosomal- DNA housed and essential for life

plasmid- house antibiotic resistance genes and not essential for normal metabolism

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4
Q

structure and biosynthesis (replication) of DNA

A

structure- made of nucleotides (bases, sugar, and phosphate), double stranded and antiparallel

replication- separate strands and make cope both sides

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5
Q

What are Okazaki fragments and why are they made?

A

pieces of discontinuous DNA (fragments) that happens during replication

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6
Q

genotype vs phenotype

A

DNA vs protein

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7
Q

steps of transcription

A

making RNA copies of the DNA gene
- promoter
- use DNA to make RNA
- terminator
- RNA polymerase

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8
Q

process of translation

A

protein synthesis
- ribosomal binding site and start codon
- use RNA to make protein
- start codon

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9
Q

codon vs anticodon

A

the anticodon is complementary and antiparallel to the codon

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10
Q

operon and how they are regulated

A

group of genes under same promoter and terminator; stop promoter to regulate when proteins are made

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11
Q

Regulation of an operon: Constitutive vs induction and repression

A

constitutive: always on
regulated: can be turned off
repression: to turn off
induction: to turn on

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12
Q

Which step in gene expression is most often regulated?

A

transcription

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13
Q

What is a polycistronic mRNA?

A

when operons are transcribed, the cell ends up with multiple gene transcripts on a single mRNA; translating multiple proteins from one mRNA

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14
Q

What is co-transcriptional translation?

A

prokaryotes multitasking; prokaryotes don’t do transcription in a nucleus so they start doing translation while transcription is still occurring

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15
Q

mutations and how they occur

A

heritable changes in the DNA permanently passed to daughter cells; occur naturally when DNA polymerase makes mistakes in replication

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16
Q

point mutations/base substitutions

A

when one nucleotide is substituted with another

17
Q

nonsense

A

stop codon; middle letter is changed

18
Q

missense

A

wrong amino acid; changes 1st letter

19
Q

same sense/silent

A

same amino acid; changes last letter

20
Q

frameshift

A

adding or remixing multiples of bases; different stop and start points

21
Q

chromosomal-level mutations

A

insertion
deletion
duplication
iversion
translocation

22
Q

insertion

A

inserting a large piece of DNA

23
Q

deletion

A

removing a large piece of DNA

24
Q

inversion

A

segment fo DNA reversed

25
Q

duplication

A

copying a segment of DNA

26
Q

translocation

A

segment of DNA is swapped with another

27
Q

consequences of mutation and when would a mutation affect the genotype but not phenotype

A

changing too much can alter outcomes; genotypes are always affected - phenotypes can change under different environmental conditions and not always affected by original mutation physically

28
Q

Describe how plasmids, restriction endonucleases, and ligases are used in recombinant DNA technology

A

cloning and gene slicing

29
Q

transformation

A

acquiring DNA from the environment

30
Q

conjugation

A

bacterial sex - using pilus to transfer DNA

31
Q

transduction

A

uses bacteriophage to transfer DNA

32
Q

transposition

A

jumping genes- acquired from plasmids

microbiology (15 decks)

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