C-4 Flashcards
central dogma of molecular biology (DNA -> RNA -> Protein)
- DNA is replicated to proved a blueprint for each daughter cell produced during cell division (DNA->DNA)
- DNA is used as a blueprint to create transcripts of specific genes (DNA->RNA)
- RNA transcripts are used as instructions for ribosomes to synthesize proteins (RNA->protein)
process of gene expression
making a product from the information stored or encoded in the gene
chromosomal DNA vs plasmid DNA (what kinds of genes are housed on the chromosomes versus plasmids?)
chromosomal- DNA housed and essential for life
plasmid- house antibiotic resistance genes and not essential for normal metabolism
structure and biosynthesis (replication) of DNA
structure- made of nucleotides (bases, sugar, and phosphate), double stranded and antiparallel
replication- separate strands and make cope both sides
What are Okazaki fragments and why are they made?
pieces of discontinuous DNA (fragments) that happens during replication
genotype vs phenotype
DNA vs protein
steps of transcription
making RNA copies of the DNA gene
- promoter
- use DNA to make RNA
- terminator
- RNA polymerase
process of translation
protein synthesis
- ribosomal binding site and start codon
- use RNA to make protein
- start codon
codon vs anticodon
the anticodon is complementary and antiparallel to the codon
operon and how they are regulated
group of genes under same promoter and terminator; stop promoter to regulate when proteins are made
Regulation of an operon: Constitutive vs induction and repression
constitutive: always on
regulated: can be turned off
repression: to turn off
induction: to turn on
Which step in gene expression is most often regulated?
transcription
What is a polycistronic mRNA?
when operons are transcribed, the cell ends up with multiple gene transcripts on a single mRNA; translating multiple proteins from one mRNA
What is co-transcriptional translation?
prokaryotes multitasking; prokaryotes don’t do transcription in a nucleus so they start doing translation while transcription is still occurring
mutations and how they occur
heritable changes in the DNA permanently passed to daughter cells; occur naturally when DNA polymerase makes mistakes in replication
point mutations/base substitutions
when one nucleotide is substituted with another
nonsense
stop codon; middle letter is changed
missense
wrong amino acid; changes 1st letter
same sense/silent
same amino acid; changes last letter
frameshift
adding or remixing multiples of bases; different stop and start points
chromosomal-level mutations
insertion
deletion
duplication
iversion
translocation
insertion
inserting a large piece of DNA
deletion
removing a large piece of DNA
inversion
segment fo DNA reversed
duplication
copying a segment of DNA
translocation
segment of DNA is swapped with another
consequences of mutation and when would a mutation affect the genotype but not phenotype
changing too much can alter outcomes; genotypes are always affected - phenotypes can change under different environmental conditions and not always affected by original mutation physically
Describe how plasmids, restriction endonucleases, and ligases are used in recombinant DNA technology
cloning and gene slicing
transformation
acquiring DNA from the environment
conjugation
bacterial sex - using pilus to transfer DNA
transduction
uses bacteriophage to transfer DNA
transposition
jumping genes- acquired from plasmids
