C-1

Question 1

5 characteristics of living organisms

Answer 1

1. maintain a stable environment (cell is a basic unit of life)
2. metabolism: capture, utilize, store energy (eat)
3. metabolism: synthesis of macromolecule (grow)
4. contain, express, and replicate genetic information (replicate)
5. adapt to changes in the environment

Question 2

why are viruses not considered living organisms?

Answer 2

they are not made of cells; can’t keep themselves in a stable state, grow, or make their own energy

Question 3

Name the first person to observe microbes (the father of microbiology) and describe how this was done

Answer 3

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek kept refining microscope lenses for stronger magnification to see the microbes

Question 4

spontaneous generation

Answer 4

microbes grow spontaneously without preexisting cells

Question 5

who supported spontaneous generation?

Answer 5

John Needham (boiled gravy with corks without sealing first flask)

Question 6

who rebutted spontaneous generation?

Answer 6

• Francesco Redi (left meat in open jar, sealed with cork, and topped with mesh to see maggots grow)
• Lazzaro Spallanzani (boiled gravy in sealed flask first and kept sealed)
• Louis Pasteur (swan neck flask)

Question 7

swan neck flask

Answer 7

Allowed for boiling without sealing. The top was allowed open for air movement, but the curve in the neck stopped microbes in the environment from getting in the broth

Question 8

germ theory of disease

Answer 8

most infectious diseases are caused by living organisms like microbes - developed to state that germs (microbes) can cause disease

Question 9

Robert Koch’s experiment to test the germ theory of disease

Answer 9

states that microorganisms are responsible for disease - created solid agar medium to grow microbes - did postulates to isolate microbes

Question 10

what are exceptions to Robert Koch’s postulates

Answer 10

• microbes not growing in specific environment
• mice sick but not showing symptoms
• mice infected and not showing same symptoms or getting sick
• many similar exceptions

Question 11

why solid agar medium is critical in developing the postulates

Answer 11

growing microbes on liquid could affect the microbe or what needs to be isolated to test - a solid surface helps to isolate those microbes

Question 12

magnification

Answer 12

increases the viewable image size compared to the original size of the organism

Question 13

resolution

Answer 13

the ability to distinguish that two organisms are separate and observe details

Question 14

contrast

Answer 14

the ability to distinguish two organisms from a background using shading

Question 15

bacteria size

Answer 15

1 micrometer

Question 16

Protozoa size

Answer 16

100 micrometers

Question 17

virus size

Answer 17

100 nanometers

Question 18

light microscopy

Answer 18

brightfield
dark field
phase
fluorescent

Question 19

electron microscopy

Answer 19

TEM
SEM

Question 20

brightfield

Answer 20

visible light
white background
stain contrast
dead specimen
1000X

Question 21

dark field

Answer 21

visible light
black background
white specimen (b/w)
live specimen
1000X

Question 22

phase

Answer 22

• visible light
• 3D
• potentially live specimen
• grey background- darker contrast and white outline
• 1000X

Question 23

fluorescent

Answer 23

UV light
black background
neon specimen
1500X

Question 24

TEM (Transmission electron microscopy)

Answer 24

dead specimen
2D slice
b/w
grey
50,000,000X

Question 25

SEM (Scanning electron microscopy)

Answer 25

dead specimen
3D
outside of specimen
fake color - artificial - b/w
3,000,000X

Question 26

what was Antoni van Leeuwenhoek’s experiment?

Answer 26

Used a simple microscope (one glass lens and light) to observe microbes

Question 27

what was Antoni van leeuwenhoek’s conclusion?

Answer 27

There are very tiny (wee beasties)
organisms that can only be seen with a microscope (microbes!)

Question 28

Francesco Redi’s experiment

Answer 28

Sealed a flask containing meat with cork and gauze and noticed maggots did not spontaneously appear

Question 29

Francesco Redi’s conclusion

Answer 29

First person to question the theory of
spontaneous generation

Question 30

John Needham’s experiment

Answer 30

Boiled broth and sealed with a cork – noticed microbes could grow inside the broth

Question 31

John Needham’s conclusion

Answer 31

Spontaneous generation is true?

Question 32

Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment

Answer 32

Repeated Needham’s experiment, but boiled his broth longer and didn’t use a cork, but melted the flask
closed – did not observe microbial growth

Question 33

Lazzaro Spallanzani’s conclusion

Answer 33

Spontaneous generation is false –
Needham must not have boiled his
infusions as long, or his cork was
contaminated

Question 34

Louis Pasteur’s experiment

Answer 34

Developed a swan neck flask to allow air into his boiled infusion while trapping matter from the air in the neck – did not observe growth in his flask

Question 35

Louis Pasteur’s conclusion

Answer 35

Spontaneous generation is false – air
alone cannot generate microbes; it must come from dust

Question 36

Robert Koch’s experiment

Answer 36

Developed solid agar medium - allows us to isolate microbes and grow them in pure culture; used this to develop his postulates to prove the germ theory of disease

Question 37

Robert Koch’s conclusion

Answer 37

Disease is caused by specific
microorganisms