C-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do enzymes do and how do they work?

A

catalyze reactions so they occur at a biologically relevant rate (by having a substrate attach to their active site)

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2
Q

How are enzymes regulated?

A

inhibition - turn off when don’t need
activation - turn on when you need it

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3
Q

holoenzymes vs apoenzymes

A

complete enzyme vs part of one

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4
Q

exoenzymes vs endoenzymes

A

extracellular (outside cell) vs intracellular (inside cell)

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5
Q

Give examples of when cells might use endo- and exo- enzymes

A

for breaking or building bonds (?)

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6
Q

oxidoreductases

A

transfer electrons; both exergonic and endergonic

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7
Q

transferases

A

Transfer functional groups; endergonic

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8
Q

hydrolases

A

break molecules with water (hydrolysis); exergonic

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9
Q

lyases

A

break molecules without water (lysis); exergonic

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10
Q

isomerases

A

rearrange molecules into isomers; can be both exergonic and endergonic

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11
Q

synthetases/ligases

A

link larger molecules together using ATP as an energy source; endergonic

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12
Q

synthases

A

synthesize molecules without ATP; endergonic

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13
Q

polymerases

A

polymerize monomers of nucleotides into chains; endergonic

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14
Q

Catabolic and Anabolic reactions

A

breaking down vs building

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15
Q

Exergonic and Endergonic reactions

A

release energy (catabolism) vs require energy (anabolism)

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16
Q

Oxidation and Reduction reactions
• Include NAD+ and NADH in your discussion of redox: which is the reduced form?

A

losing electrons vs gaining electrons; oxidation loses electrons to give to NAD+ and stored to make NADH (reduced form)

17
Q

ATP synthesis

A

making ATP as a chemical energy source (endergonic)

18
Q

Aerobic respiration (glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs/TCA cycle, electron transport chain/ETC)

A
  1. glycolysis: break sugar in half and oxidize to make pyruvate (2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate)
  2. pyruvate oxidation by stripping pyruvate of carbon (2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2-carbons)
  3. Krebs cycle: cycle 2-carbon molecules and rearrange to make NADH and ATP (4 CO2, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 6 NADH)
  4. ETC: losing electrons and H+ to convert to ATP by chemiosmosis and oxidative phosphorylation (very end product to complete glucose oxidation = water)
19
Q

Anaerobic respiration (glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, ETC)

A

same but doesn’t use oxygen - makes ATP from glucose instead

20
Q

Fermentation

A

catabolic pathway;
recycle NADH generated during glycolysis; NADH -> NAD+ (oxidize NADH) for cell to keep running glycolysis (anaerobic process so ATP is made from glucose); only make 2 ATP from glycolysis

21
Q

Photosynthesis

A

using light energy to produce glucose from CO2 and H2O (6 H2O, 6 CO2, 18 ATP, 12 NADH to produce 1 glucose)

22
Q

substrate

A

Reactants in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction (fits into enzyme)

23
Q

active site

A

The portion of the enzyme that binds to and acts upon the substrate

24
Q

activation energy

A

the minimum amount of energy it takes to get a chemical reaction started

25
Q

reversible inhibition - noncompetitive

A

substrate and inhibitor are not competing for the same site – they can look nothing alike because they are trying to sit in different places on the enzyme (allosteric site- binds to change active site shape so no one can bind there)

26
Q

reversible inhibition - competitive

A

substrate and inhibitor are directly competing to sit in the same active site of an enzyme

27
Q

irreversible inhibition

A

permanently binds the active site of the enzyme

28
Q

feedback inhibition

A

When an end-product itself is used to turn off an enzyme

29
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase and the electron transport chain

30
Q

Substrate-Level phosphorylation

A

synthesis of ATP by coupling the direct transfer of a Phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

31
Q

what is not a product of fermentation

A

glucose

32
Q

order of least ATP produced

A

pyruvate oxidation
krebs
ETC anaerobic
ETC aerobic

33
Q

T/F molecular O2 can’t be a terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration

A

true

34
Q

T/F anaerobic respiration is more efficient and makes less ATP than aerobic respiration

A

false

35
Q

T/F anaerobic respiration can use nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor

A

true

36
Q

T/F anaerobic respiration is different than aerobic but it does use ETC of sorts

A

true

37
Q

T/F organisms that do anaerobic respiration do live in aerobic places

A

false