Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Breathing and cellular respiration > Flashcards

Breathing and cellular respiration Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference between breathing and respiration?

A

Breathing is an external process through which oxygen is taken into the body for use in respiration. Respiration is an internal chemical process that involves breaking down glucose to form energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common way to monitor respiration?

How does this device work?

A

A spirometry
It works by assessing how well your lungs are working by measuring how much air you inhale, how much you exhale and how quickly you do it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do you do in a spirometry?

A

You have to take a big breath in and then wait for a few seconds. You then have to blow all that air out into a tube as hard and fast as you can. The results will be displayed on the computer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • What is total lung capacity (TLC)?

- What is the TLC usually for an adult male and for a female?

A
  • It is the amount of air in your lungs after you take a deep breath in and hold it.
  • 6L for male 4.2L for female
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is vital capacity (VC)?

A

This is the amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • What is residual volume (RV)?

- What % of TLC is someone RV usually?

A
  • The amount of air left in the lungs after maximum expiration
  • 20% of TLC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is tidal volume (TV)?

A

It is the volume of air that can be inspired or expired during normal, quiet breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

- What % of TLC is someone IRV usually?

A
  • It is the maximum volume of air you can inhale above a tidal volume
  • 60%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

- What % of TLC is someone ERV usually?

A
  • It is the maximum volume of air you can exhale above a tidal volume
  • 20%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  • What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

- What % of TLC is someone FRC usually?

A
  • It is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration
  • 40%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many phosphates do ADP’s have?

How many phosphates do ATP’s have?

A

2

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does ADP become ATP?

A

ADP is converted to ATP to store energy which will later be needed by cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 2 types of respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration - respiring with oxygen

Anaerobic respiration - respiring without oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen —- carbon dioxide + water + energy

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ — 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose — lactic acid + energy

C₆H₁₂O₆ — 2C₃H₆O₃ + energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the process of respiration called in plants and yeast?

A

Fermentation

17
Q

What are the four main stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, the link reaction, krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.

18
Q
  • Where does glycolysis occur?
  • Glucose is a (number) carbon sugar? this is not that reactive
  • To make it more reactive what is removed from what and where does it get added?
  • What then happens to the ATP and what is this process called?
  • After these things happen what does the glucose molecule become?
  • This molecule is so unstable that what happens?
  • The triose phosphate needs to oxidise. To do this what is required?
  • What is the job of NAD and during this hat happens to it and what is produced?
  • What does this process result in and how is this?
  • What is taken from the triose phosphates?
  • What are the products of glycolysis?
A
  • In the cytoplasm
  • 6 carbon sugar
  • A phosphate is removed from 2 ATP molecules and they get added to each end of the glucose molecule
  • The ATP then becomes ADP
  • This process is called phosphorylation
  • 1,6 fructose bisphosphate
  • The phosphorylated glucose splits into 2 triose phosphates
  • NAD is required
  • NAD pulls away a hydrogen from each of the triose phosphates. NAD becomes reduced and protons are produced
  • It results in some energy production. This is because 4 ADP molecules go to get phosphorylated.
  • 2 phosphates are taken
  • 4x ATP, 2x pyruvate and 2 NADH (reduced NAD)
19
Q
  • Where does the link reaction occur?
  • The pyruvate’s need to get to the matrix how do they do this?
  • Once the Pyruvate gets to the matrix what happens to it and what does the NAD and pyruvate become?
  • What is produced during this process?
  • Something gets removed from the molecules what is it and what is this process called?
  • What joins onto the molecules next, what does this result in?
  • What are the products of the link reaction?
A
  • In the matrix of the mitochondria
  • It travels along protein channels that pass from the cytoplasm, through the outer mitochondria membrane then through the inner mitochondria membrane and into the matrix
  • NAD removes hydrogen from it and it becomes oxidised and NAD get reduced to become NADH.
  • protons
  • CO2 gets removed this process is called decarboxylation
  • Co-Enzyme A joins 2 molecules this results in the product of the link reaction, 2 molecules of Acetyl CoA.
  • 2x Acetyl CoA, 2x CO2 and 2x NADH
20
Q
  • Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
  • What does the Krebs cycle start with?
  • What happens next to the Acetyl CoA and what does it form?
  • Something gets removed from this end product what is it and what removes it?
  • What then happens to the NAD and the sugar?
  • What is the next to the sugar and what does it become?
  • The new 5 carbon sugar is then what?
  • What then happens to the 2 Co-enzymes?
  • What does this process produce?
  • The 4 carbon molecule made is now ready for what?
  • How many times does this cycle go on for?
  • What are the products of the Krebs cycle?
A
  • In the matrix of the mitochondria
  • It starts with 2 molecules of Acetyl CoA.
  • It joins onto a 4 carbon sugar to form a 6 carbon sugar
  • NAD removes a hydrogen from the 6 carbon sugar
  • The NAD reduces to NADH and the sugar gets oxidised
  • The sugar is then decarboxylated and becomes a 5 carbon sugar
  • It is then oxidised by two different types of Co-enzymes; NAD and FAD
  • The NAD and FAD get reduced
  • This process produces enough energy to add a phosphate to ADP to form ATP
  • It is now ready to join onto another Acetyl CoA produced by the link reaction and starts the cycle again
  • It goes on twice for each molecule of glucose
  • 3x NADH, 1 FADH₂, 2x CO₂ and 1 ATP
21
Q
  • Where does the electron transport chain occur?
  • What is the first step of this process and what does this first step produce?
  • What will then happen to one of the things produced?
  • What happens next to the electrons and what does this process produce?
  • What is the energy used for?
  • What then happens to the electrons and what does the process produce?
  • What is the energy used for?
  • What is the next step and what does it produce?
  • What is the energy used for?
  • What is the next step that involves FADH₂?
  • What then happens to the electrons?
A
  • It occurs in the mitochondria membrane
  • NADH arrives at the first protein and is oxidised and becomes NAD. This produces 2 electrons and protons
  • The protein will then take up the 2 electrons
  • The electrons are then transferred to a different protein in the chain. This process produces energy
  • This energy is used to pump electrons through the protein channels into the intermembrane space
  • The electrons then move to the next protein which produces some more energy
  • This energy is used to transport protons to the intermembrane space
  • The electrons then join the molecular oxygen. This process produces energy
  • The energy is used to pump electrons through the inner intermembrane space again
  • The FADH₂ arrives at the second protein and is oxidised which produces 2 electrons and 2 protons. The FADH₂ then becomes FAD.
  • The electrons are then taken up into the NADH₂
22
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?
What does direct calorimetry involve?
What does indirect calorimetry involve?

A

It is the amount of energy expressed in calories that a person needs to keep the body functioning as rest.
It involves the measurement of the amount of heat produced by the person enclosed within a small chamber.
It involves the measurement of the amount of heat produced by the person by determining the amount of oxygen consumed and the amount of carbon dioxide eliminated

Biology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions