Breast, Pectoral Muscles and Clavipectoral Fascia

Question 1

How do you identify whether a clavicle is right or left?

Answer 1

1. Identify acromial and sternal ends (Acromial end is flatter)
2. Identify which surface is inferior and superior–> superior is smooth, inferior is rough

Question 2

Where does the sternal end of the clavicle attach to, and what joint is it?

Answer 2

Attaches to the Manubrium of the Sternum at the Sternoclavicular Joint. It is an atypical synovial joint

Question 3

Where does the acromial end of the clavicle attach to, and what joint is it?

Answer 3

Attaches to the Acromion on the Scapula at the Acromioclavicular Joint. It is an atypical synovial joint

Question 4

What is an atypical synovial joint?

Answer 4

It is a synovial joint, but it’s articular cartilage is made of fibrocartilage rather than hyaline cartilage

Question 5

What ligaments attach to the clavicle at the acromial end?

Answer 5

The coaracoclavicular ligament, consisting of the conoid and trapezoid ligaments

Question 6

What ligaments attach to the clavicle at the sternal end?

Answer 6

The costoclavicular ligament

Question 7

What happens when the clavicle gets fractured?

Answer 7

The sternocleidomastoid muscle pulls the medial side upwards, and the lateral side goes down

Question 8

Where is the spine of the scapula?

Answer 8

T3 to T7

Question 9

How do you identify if a scapula is right or left?

Answer 9

Identify the medial and lateral borders, then find the coracoid process–> it will be anterior

Question 10

Where does the Humerus attach to the Scapula?

Answer 10

The Glenoid cavity/fossa, at the glenohumeral joint

Question 11

What happens if the Thoracic Nerve of Bell is not working?

Answer 11

The Scapula becomes winged

Question 12

Where does Pectoralis Major originate?

Answer 12

Clavicle and Sternum

Question 13

Where does Pectoralis Major Attach?

Answer 13

Lateral lip of the bicipital groove on the humerus

Question 14

What is the nervous supply of Pectoralis Major?

Answer 14

Medial and Lateral Pectoral Nerves

Question 15

What is the blood supply of Pectoralis Major?

Answer 15

Lateral Thoracic Artery, Pectoral Branch of Thoracoacromial Artery and Anterior Intercostal Arteries

Question 16

What are the functions of Pectoralis Major?

Answer 16

Flexion, Adduction and Medial Rotation

Question 17

Where does Pectoralis Minor Originate?

Answer 17

Ribs 3-5

Question 18

Where does Pectoralis Minor Attach?

Answer 18

Coracoid Process of Scapula

Question 19

What is the nervous supply of Pectoralis Minor?

Answer 19

Medial Pectoral Nerve

Question 20

What is the function of Pectoralis Minor?

Answer 20

Protraction, Stabilise the Scapula

Question 21

Where does the Subclavius originate?

Answer 21

1st rib

Question 22

Where does Subclavius attach?

Answer 22

The inferior surface of the middle third of the clavicle

Question 23

What is the nervous supply of Subclavius?

Answer 23

The Nerve to Subclavius

Question 24

What is the function of Subclavius?

Answer 24

Stabilise the clavicle

Question 25

Where does Serratus Anterior Originate?

Answer 25

Lateral sides of Ribs 1-8

Question 26

Where does Serratus Anterior attach?

Answer 26

The costal surface of the medial border of the scapula

Question 27

What is the nervous supply of Serratus Anterior?

Answer 27

The Long Thoracic Nerve of Bell

Question 28

What is the function of Serratus Anterior?

Answer 28

1. Protraction and Lateral Rotation of the Scapula | 2. Holds the scapula against the ribcage--> prevents winging of the scapula

Question 29

Where is the Clavipectoral Fascia?

Answer 29

It separates the clavicle and Pectoralis Minor

Question 30

What vessels go into the Clavipectoral Fascia?

Answer 30

1. Cephalic Vein | 2. Lymph Vessels

Question 31

What vessels come out of the Clavipectoral Fascia

Answer 31

1. Thoracoacromial Artery | 2. Lateral Pectoral Nerve

Question 32

Where is the breast?

Answer 32

1. Located between ribs 2-6

Question 33

Where is the nipple located on an normal average male?

Answer 33

The 4th intercostal space at the midclavicular line

Question 34

What is the breast made out of?

Answer 34

1. 12 Lobes 2. 15-20 Lobules 3. Acini 4. Ducts

Question 35

What are Montgomery Follicles?

Answer 35

Sebaceous Glands forming small rounded projections from the surface of the areola

Question 36

What is the function of Montgomery Follicles?

Answer 36

Secretes a substance to provides resistance to chapping during lactation

Question 37

What are Cooper's Ligaments and their functions?

Answer 37

1. Connects breast tissue to skin | 2. Provide structural support and integrity to the breast

Question 38

What happens to the female breast during the late stages of pregnancy and lactation?

Answer 38

The fatty tissue in the breast is replaced by ducts and acini

Question 39

What is the blood supply of the breast?

Answer 39

1. Internal Thoracic Artery 2. Lateral Thoracic Artery 3. Thoracoacromial Artery 4. Intercostal Arteries 2-5 5. Internal Mammary Artery

Question 40

What is the venous drainage of the breast?

Answer 40

Subclavian Vein and Brachiocephalic vein

Question 41

What is Polymastia?

Answer 41

Extra breast

Question 42

What is Polythelia?

Answer 42

Extra nipple

Question 43

What is Glynaecomastia?

Answer 43

Breast in Males

Question 44

What is the Lymphatic drainage of the breast?

Answer 44

1. Axillary nodes (75%) 2. Parasternal Nodes (20%) 3. Posterior Intercostal Nodes (5%)

Question 45

Where do the Axillary Nodes drain into?

Answer 45

The Subclavian Trunk

Question 46

What are the groups of the Axillary Nodes?

Answer 46

1. Apical 2. Central 3. Anterior 4. Lateral 5. Posterior

Question 47

Which group of the Axillary Nodes is enlarged in Breast Cancer?

Answer 47

Anterior Axillary Nodes

Question 48

What are the types of lumps in the breast?

Answer 48

1. Cysts (build up of liquid) 2. Adenoma (mobile, Benign Tumour) 3. Carcinoma ( Non-mobile Malignant Tumour)

Question 49

What are the symptoms of Carcinoma in Breasts?

Answer 49

1. Skin Dimpling 2. Change in Colour (Edema of skin) 3. Retracted and Deviated Nipple 4. Abnormal Contours