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Anatomy > Anterior Mediastinum, Pericardial Cavity, Heart and Coronary Vessels > Flashcards

Anterior Mediastinum, Pericardial Cavity, Heart and Coronary Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Where in the anterior mediastinum?

A

Posterior to the manubrium and anterior to the pericardial sac

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2
Q

What is in the anterior mediastinum?

A

Thymus Gland?

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3
Q

Where is the middle mediastinum?

A

Between T4 (Angle of Louis) and the Diaphragm

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4
Q

What is in the middle mediastinum?

A
  1. Pericardium
  2. Heart
  3. Roots of the Great Vessels
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5
Q

What is in the posterior mediastinum?

A
  1. Great arteries and vein(s)
  2. Oesophagus
  3. Trachea
  4. Phrenic and Vagus Nerves
  5. Sympathetic Chain
  6. Thoracic Duct
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6
Q

What is Pericardium?

A

The membrane enclosing the heart

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7
Q

What are the layers of Pericardium?

A
  1. Fibrous Pericardium

2. Serous Pericardium, which splits into Parietal and Visceral Pericardium

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8
Q

What does the Fibrous Pericardium attach to?

A
  1. Great Vessels
  2. Central Tendon of Diaphragm
  3. Sternum (Sternopericardial ligament)
  4. Parietal Layer of Serous Pericardium
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9
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity?

A

Between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium

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10
Q

What is the function of the pericardial cavity?

A

Contains fluid that facilitates the gliding movement caused by the beating of the heart

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11
Q

What are the Pericardial Sinuses?

A
  1. Transverse Sinus (Separates the Great Arteries and Great Veins)
  2. Oblique Sinus
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12
Q

What are the Pericardial Arteries?

A
  1. Branches of the internal thoracic artery
  2. Pericardocophrenic
  3. Musculophrenic
  4. Inferior Phrenic
  5. Thoracic Aorta
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13
Q

What are the Pericardial Veins?

A
  1. Internal Thoracic Veins
  2. Superior Phrenic Veins
    They all drain into the Azygous System
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14
Q

What are the Pericardial Nerves?

A
  1. Sympathetic Trunks
  2. Vagus Nerve
  3. Phrenic Nerves
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15
Q

What are the clinical conditions of the Pericardium?

A
  1. Pericarditis
  2. Pericardial Effusion
  3. Constrictive Pericarditis
  4. Cardiac Temponade–> Pericardial effusion leading to compression of the heart
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16
Q

What are the 3 layers of the Heart wall?

A
  1. Endocardium –> Innermost
  2. Myocardium–> Composed of Cardiac Muscle
  3. Epicardium–> Outermost, formed by the visceral layer of the pericardium
17
Q

What is the right border of the heart?

A

The right atrium

18
Q

What is the inferior/diaphragmatic border of the heart?

A

Apex of the heart, 2/3 Left ventricle, 1/3 Right ventricle

19
Q

What is the left border of the heart?

A

The left ventricle

20
Q

What are the chambers of the heart?

A
  1. Right Atrium
  2. Right Ventricle
  3. Left Atrium
  4. Left Ventricle
21
Q

What is at level T4?

A
  1. Angle of Louis
  2. Bifurcation of the Trachea
  3. Bifurcation of the Pulmonary Trunk
  4. Origin and End of the Aortic Arch
  5. Azygous Termination
  6. Ligamentus Arteriosum
22
Q

What is the Ligamentus Arteriosum and what is its significance in embryology?

A

Used to be the ductus arteriosus, joining the left pulmonary artery and arch of aorta–> allows metal circulation to bypass lungs

23
Q

What are the 4 heart valves?

A
  1. Mitral
  2. Tricuspid
  3. Pulmonary
  4. Aortic
24
Q

What are the cusps of the 4 valves?

A
  1. Mitral–> Anterior and Posterior
  2. Tricuspid–> Anterior, Posterior and Septal
  3. Pulmonary–> Posterior, Left Anterior and Right Anterior
  4. Aortic–> Anterior, Left Posterior and Right Posterior
25
Q

What is the surface anatomy of the 4 valves?

A
  1. Aortic–> Retrosternal, 3rd Rib
  2. Pulmonary–> Retrosternal, 3rd Intercostal Space
  3. Mitral–> Retrosternal, 4th Rib
  4. Tricuspid–> Retrosternal, 4th Intercostal Space
26
Q

Where would you auscultate the 4 heart valves?

A
  1. Aortic–> 2nd Intercostal Space, Right side
  2. Pulmonary–> 2nd Intercostal Space, Left side
  3. Mitral–> 5th Intercostal Space, left side along the mid-clavicular line
  4. Tricuspid–> 4th Intercostal Space, Left side
27
Q

Where is the Apex beat?

A

The apex beat is the lowest, most lateral space on the chest where we can feel the heart beat. It is at the 5th Intercostal Space, left side along the mid-clavicular line

28
Q

Where does the Right Coronary Artery originate from?

A

The sinus in the anterior cusp of the aorta

29
Q

Where does the Left Coronary Artery originate from?

A

The sinus in the left posterior cusp of the aorta

30
Q

What are the branches of the Right Coronary Artery?

A

Marginal Branch and the Posterior Interventricular Branch

31
Q

What are the branches of the Left Coronary Artery?

A
  1. Left Anterior Descending (LAD) branch
  2. Circumflex Branch (which joins up with the Posterior Interventricular Branch of the right coronary artery)
  3. Diagonal Branch (branching off LAD)
32
Q

What does the Right Coronary Artery supply? (7 things)

A
  1. Both atria
  2. Right Ventricle
  3. Interatrial Septum
  4. Posterior part of interventricular septum
  5. Part of posterior left ventricle
  6. SA Node (60%)
  7. AV node (90%)
33
Q

What does the Left Coronary Artery Supply?

A
  1. Both atria
  2. Anterior part of left ventricle
  3. Anterior part of interventricular septum
  4. Part of adjacent right ventricle
34
Q

What are the Coronary Veins?

A
  1. Great Cardiac Vein
  2. Small Cardiac Vein
  3. Middle Cardiac Vein
  4. Anterior Cardiac Veins
  5. Thebesian Veins
35
Q

Where do the Great, Small and Middle Cardiac Veins drain into?

A

The Coronary Sinus

36
Q

Where do the Anterior Cardiac Veins drain into?

A

Directly into right atrium

37
Q

Where do the Thebesian Veins drain into?

A

Directly into the atria and the ventricles

38
Q

What is an example of an abnormal apex beat?

A

Dextrocardia–> Apex beat is on the right side of the heart

Anatomy (14 decks)

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