Breast Cancer Flashcards
A method used to visualize the internal structure of the breast using x-rays is called
Mammography
Screening for breast cancer includes
- Yearly ______ starting at age 40
- Clinical breast examination (CBE) at least every ______ years between 20-30 and every ______ beginning at 40.
- Report breast ______ to health care provider. Breast self exam (BSE) is an option for women starting at age 20.
- Women at increased risk (family Hx, genetic tendency, past breast cancer) talk to provider about starting ______ screening earlier.
Mammograms
3, Year
Changes
Mammography
______ are the most easily recognized mammogram abnormality. They form for many reasons such as inflammation, trauma, and aging. They may be associated with pre-invasive cancer.
Calcifications
An ______ is recommended as a sensitive screening tool for women at high risk for breast cancer, and women whose ______ or ______ is suspicious for malignancy, or for women who have had an occult breast cancer detected by mammogram.
MRI
Mammography
Ultrasound
Biopsy techniques include ______-______ ______, ______ or ______ core biopsy, and ______ ______ biopsy.
Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA)
Stereotactic, Ultrasound
Open Surgical
______ (Breast pain) is the most common breast related complaint.
Mastalgia
The most common form is ______ mastalgia, which coincides with menstrual cycle is described as diffuse breast tenderness and tenderness or heaviness.
Cyclic
______ mastalgia has no relationship to menstrual cycle and can continue into menopause. It may be constant or intermittent throughout the month and last for several years.
Noncyclic
______ is an inflammatory condition of the breast that occurs most frequently and lactating women. ______ ______ manifests as a localized area that is erythematous, painful, and tender to palpation.
Mastitis
Lactational Mastitis
It’s lactational mastitis persists after several days of antibiotic therapy, a lactational breast ______ may have developed.
Abscess
______ changes in the breast constitutes a benign condition characterized by changes in breast tissue. (excess fibrous tissue, hyperplasia/proliferation of mammary ducts, cyst formation)
Fibrocystic
Manifestations of ______ breast changes include one or more palpable lumps that are often round, well delineated, and freely movable within the breast.
Fibrocystic
______ is a common cause of discrete benign breast lumps in young women. 15 to 40 years of age. The most frequent cause of breast masses in women under 25 years of age.
Fibroandenoma
______ is a milky secretion due to inappropriate lactation.
Galactorrhea
An intraductal ______ is a benign, soft, wartlike growth found in the mammory ducts typically below the areola causing bloody discharge from the nipple.
Pappiloma
______ ______ (duct dilation) is a benign breast disease of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women involving subareolar ducts showing inflammatory signs and multicolored sticky nipple discharge.
Ductal ectasia
______ is a transient, noninflammatory enlargement of one or both breasts, most common breast problem in men.
Gynecomastia
Risk factors for breast cancer.
Sex, Age, Family Hx, Personal Hx, Menarche, Menopause, Pregnancy, Weight, Radiation, Alcohol, Activity.
Female Over 50 years Breast cancer in a first degree relative Previous cancer Early menarche Late menopause First full-term pregnancy after age 30 Weight gain and obesity Exposure to ionizing radiation Alcohol consumption Physical inactivity
Breast cancer arises from the epithelial lining of the ducts (______ ______) or from the epithelium of the lobules (______ ______) and may be ______ ______ (within the duct) or ______ (arising from the duct)
Ductal carcinoma
Lobular carcinoma
In Situ
Invasive
Management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) includes local ______, ______ w reconstruction, breast-conserving treatment (______), ______ therapy, and/or _______ (Nolvadex).
Excision Mastectomy Lumpectomy Radiation Tamoxifen
LCIS is a risk factor for developing breast cancer but is not known to be a ______ lesion. Therefore ______ treatment is necessary.
Premalignant
No
______ disease is a rare breast malignancy characterized by a persistent lesion on the nipple and areola with or without a palpable mass.
Paget’s
______ breast cancer is the most malignant form of all breast cancers, but rare. Often described as resembling an orange peel (______ ______). Often mistaken for an infection because cancer cells block _____ channels causing inflammatory changes.
Inflammatory
Peau D’Orange
Lymph
Breast-cancer is most often in the upper outer quadrant because the location contains most of the ______ ______.
Glandular Tissue
If palpable breast cancer is characteristically hard, irregularly shaped, poorly delineated, non-mobile, and nontender. In large cancers, _____, ______, and ______ of the overlying skin may also be noted.
Infiltration
Induration
Dimpling
The main complication of cancer is ______. Other complications are widely ______ or ______ disease which involve cancer growth in the body distant from the breast.
Recurrence
Disseminated, Metastic
An ______ (ALND) is performed to determine if cancer has spread to the axilla on the side of the breast cancer.
Axillary Lymph Node Dissection
Lymphatic ______ and ______ (SLND) how’s the surgeon identify the lymph node that drain first from the tumor site (sentinel node). Blue dye at tumor site, Local incision at axilla, surgeon dissects blue stained SLN’s.
Mapping
Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection
Additional diagnostic studies involving prediction of prognosis should be read on page 1314.
Breast conservation surgery with radiation therapy and modified radical mastectomy with or without reconstruction are currently the most common options for resectable breast cancer.
ALND generally involves the removal of 12 to 20 nodes. ______ (accumulation of lymph in soft tissue) can occur as a result of the excision or irradiation of lymph nodes.
Lymphedema
Breast conserving surgery (______) involves the removal of the entire tumor along with a margin of normal surrounding tissue.
Lumpectomy
A ______ ______ ______ includes removal of the breast and axillary lymph nodes, but it preserves the pectoralis major muscle.
Modified Radical Mastectomy
______ ______ ______ can occur following mastectomy or axillary node dissection and symptoms include chest and upper arm pain, tingling down the arm, numbness, shooting or pricking pain, and unbearable itching that persist beyond the normal three-month healing time.
Postmastectomy Pain Syndrome
______ therapy can be used as primary treatment to prevent recurrence after breast conserving surgery, adjuvant treatment following mastectomy, how are you today treatment for pain.
Radiation
When radiation therapy is the primary treatment, it is usually performed after local excision of the breast mass.
_______ (internal radiation) as an alternative to traditional radiation therapy that uses an implant method or balloon.
Brachytherapy
______ radiation therapy used to stabilize symptomatic metastic lesions that often relieve pain and is successful in controlling recurrent or metastic disease.
Palliative
The goal of ______ therapy is to destroy tumor cells that may have spread to distant sites.
Systemic
Estrogen can promote the growth of breast cancer cells of the cells are ______ receptor positive. ______ therapy blocks the source of estrogen, thus promoting tumor regression.
Estrogen, Hormonal
Drug MOA can Block estrogen receptors, destroy estrogen receptors, prevent production of estrogen
______ is the surgical change in the shape or size of the breast.
Mammoplasty
