Bovine nutrition

Question 1

RE DO THESE FLASHCARDS

Answer 1

AND SAVE THEM

Question 2

where do cows get VFAs from

Answer 2

the MO bdown the short chain CHO into VFA

Question 3

what type of CHO produces which VFA

Answer 3

starch - prop
fibre - acetate
?? butyric

Question 4

how are VFAs absorbed

Answer 4

rumenal papilla

Question 5

what is proprionate used for

Answer 5

to prob oxalo-acetate which is precursor for milk

Question 6

butyrate + acetate form with what to produce acetyl coa

Answer 6

FFA (from fat metabo)

Question 7

what is the capacity of the rumen

Answer 7

200L

Question 8

how do you ID ME

Answer 8

bomb calorimetry

IR specrtometry

Question 9

for a low and high yeiding cow, how much protein does she need

Answer 9

low (<8000L) - 16%

high - 18%

Question 10

how much protein does silage have in it

Answer 10

16-18%

Question 11

what cut silage is higher in E and protein

Answer 11

spring cut

Question 12

what is RUDP

Answer 12

rumenal undig protein

digested in abomasum/SI

Question 13

what do MO digest ERDP into

Answer 13

NH4+, which they ‘grow’ on

Question 14

what is a dairy cows DMI req at diff stages

Answer 14

maintenance - 2%
dry
- early - 2%
- last month 1.88%
- last wk - 1%
lactating 
- 30L/d 3%
- 50L/d 4%

Question 15

what is the MINIMUM DMI a cow should get

Answer 15

11kg/d!

Question 16

what trough space do cows want each

Answer 16

70cm/cow

Question 17

how can you improve DMI

Answer 17

palatability
NO SARA
good dry cow management
comfy
spacious

Question 18

how much E does it take to produce 1L milk

Answer 18

5MJ/L

Question 19

what is a cows maintenance E

Answer 19

70MJ

Question 20

to gain (or lose) 1kg weight - how much E does it take

Answer 20

30MJ/kg BWt (to gain or lose)

Question 21

what are the basic fag packet principles of cow nutrition

Answer 21

eat LOADS of low ME foodstuffs

Question 22

what is an acceptable BTW loss for a cow in early lactation

Answer 22

0.5 BCS (thats5% of her prev BWt anyway!)

Question 23

what is the DM and M/D of: grass silage

Answer 23

DM - 20-35%

MD - 10.5 MJ ME/kg

Question 24

what is the DM and M/D of maize silage

Answer 24

DM - 30-35%

M/D - 11-11.5 MJ ME/kg

Question 25

what is the DM and M/D of haylage

Answer 25

DM - 30-35% | MD - 9.5 MJ ME/kg

Question 26

what is the DM and M/D of hay

Answer 26

DM - 85% | M/D - 8-9 MJ ME/kg DM

Question 27

what is the DM and M/D of grass

Answer 27

DM - 20% (maximum) | M/D - 10-12.5 MJ ME/kg DM

Question 28

what is the DM and M/D of`straw

Answer 28

DM - 85% | M/D - 5.5-6.5 MJ ME/kg DM

Question 29

what is the DM and M/D of concentrates

Answer 29

DRY - like 100%ish | M/D - 12.5MJ ME/kg as fed

Question 30

what is the protein content of grass silage and maize silage respectively

Answer 30

grass - 14-16% | maize - 8-9%

Question 31

how can you remember a good way to estimate %DM

Answer 31

20% - sodden | 30% - can grab chunks, squeeze liq

Question 32

there are 4 method of feeding cattle, name and desc

Answer 32

TMR - 24/7 availability. set for a particular stage and yield. forage + conc traditional - silage at barrier; conc in parlous (+- midday feed too) hybrid - TMR at barrier + conc in parlous buffer - TMR supplement to grazing in summer

Question 33

what % of cows should be cudding at anyone time

Answer 33

75% (if not sleeping or actively eating)

Question 34

how can you monitor nutritional status in cows?

Answer 34

milk quality - protein - 3-4%. if low suggests long term deficit - butter fat - acetate (synthesised from fibre - give more if low). if v high - early lactation and XS fat mobilisation? BCS - never lose >1 BCS biochem test - metabolic profile (use 6cows from eage lact stage) - BHOB - will ID sub-clinical ketosis

Question 35

desc physiology of ketosis

Answer 35

XS fat mobilisation means not enough VFA (acetate and butryrate) to form with FFA (XS) and acetyl coA to enter krebs. this means the FFAs make ketones instead

Question 36

what is BHOB

Answer 36

b-hydroxybutyrate

Question 37

when blood or milk urea is elevated, what does that mean

Answer 37

protein (XS) without enough FME | -- either or can be 1ry sign

Question 38

what is a NEFA and why does it matter

Answer 38

non-esterified FA - evidence of fat mobilisation in XS when the ketones go to the liver to be broken down - look for in dry cows!

Question 39

what are the factors which can be ID'd to assess silage quality

Answer 39

DM% - the dryer actually better as can eat more E/kg - eg after rain is bad! fibre length nice smell (no butyric) time cut - spring best qual

Question 40

how can you tell what time of year the silage was cut

Answer 40

spring - thick stems and leaves | summer/autumn - seeds

Question 41

when/how long is the 'transition' diet

Answer 41

the last 3wks pregnancy

Question 42

what is the most impt time of a cows year

Answer 42

dry period - mamm recovery and development - uterine recovery and next conception - rumen development

Question 43

early dry diet aims for a DMI of ???

Answer 43

10-14 DM kg/d

Question 44

what type of fodder would you give eaalry dry cows

Answer 44

late cut silage + chopped straw big bale silage hay

Question 45

why is it a risk to leave on good pastures when dry

Answer 45

get fat on grass alone | try and supplement with straw - fbre, no kcal

Question 46

why is it so bad for cows to gain weight in dry period, afterall its all we try to make them do

Answer 46

fat goes viscerally in cows --> reduced DMI, inc dystocia, inc metabolic disease, obesity is inflammatory itself too

Question 47

how do you manage transition cows - their E demand grows, but DMI decreased?

Answer 47

give lactator TMR + chopped straw OR early dry cow diet of silage + straw + concentrates

Question 48

what M/D do early dry and transition cows required

Answer 48

early - 7.5 MJ/d | transition - 10.5 MJ/d

Question 49

when is the peak DMI (post calving)

Answer 49

4-10wks post. she'll be eating ~ 25kg/d DMI (4% Bwt)

Question 50

what other factors about dry cow management will help DMI

Answer 50

remove stressors: stop milking, keep group stable, comfy, safe, plentyof barrier space

Question 51

what is fat mobilisation syndrome?

Answer 51

fat cows in early lactation mobilise XS fat reserves and depositied in liver also get bovine DM (from isulin-R down regulations) - due to high glucose levels in blood

Question 52

theres breed variation bw location of fat. what are the differences bw Holstein, frieisan, beef, and channel islands?

Answer 52

Holstein - visceral fat +++ - so not as skinny as they look... frieisian - NO visceral fat (barely) beef - SC fat +++ channel - ++++++visceral fat! also yello!

Question 53

what Is the % DM and ME of: alkalage

Answer 53

%DM - 80% | ME - 11.2

Question 54

what Is the % DM and ME of: alkagrain

Answer 54

DM - 83% | ME - 13.5