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LHW > Bovine nutrition > Flashcards

Bovine nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

RE DO THESE FLASHCARDS

A

AND SAVE THEM

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2
Q

where do cows get VFAs from

A

the MO bdown the short chain CHO into VFA

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3
Q

what type of CHO produces which VFA

A

starch - prop
fibre - acetate
?? butyric

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4
Q

how are VFAs absorbed

A

rumenal papilla

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5
Q

what is proprionate used for

A

to prob oxalo-acetate which is precursor for milk

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6
Q

butyrate + acetate form with what to produce acetyl coa

A

FFA (from fat metabo)

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7
Q

what is the capacity of the rumen

A

200L

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8
Q

how do you ID ME

A

bomb calorimetry

IR specrtometry

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9
Q

for a low and high yeiding cow, how much protein does she need

A

low (<8000L) - 16%

high - 18%

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10
Q

how much protein does silage have in it

A

16-18%

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11
Q

what cut silage is higher in E and protein

A

spring cut

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12
Q

what is RUDP

A

rumenal undig protein

digested in abomasum/SI

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13
Q

what do MO digest ERDP into

A

NH4+, which they ‘grow’ on

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14
Q

what is a dairy cows DMI req at diff stages

A 
maintenance - 2%
dry
- early - 2%
- last month 1.88%
- last wk - 1%
lactating 
- 30L/d 3%
- 50L/d 4%
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15
Q

what is the MINIMUM DMI a cow should get

A

11kg/d!

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16
Q

what trough space do cows want each

A

70cm/cow

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17
Q

how can you improve DMI

A 
palatability
NO SARA
good dry cow management
comfy
spacious
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18
Q

how much E does it take to produce 1L milk

A

5MJ/L

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19
Q

what is a cows maintenance E

A

70MJ

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20
Q

to gain (or lose) 1kg weight - how much E does it take

A

30MJ/kg BWt (to gain or lose)

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21
Q

what are the basic fag packet principles of cow nutrition

A

eat LOADS of low ME foodstuffs

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22
Q

what is an acceptable BTW loss for a cow in early lactation

A

0.5 BCS (thats5% of her prev BWt anyway!)

23
Q

what is the DM and M/D of: grass silage

A

DM - 20-35%

MD - 10.5 MJ ME/kg

24
Q

what is the DM and M/D of maize silage

A

DM - 30-35%

M/D - 11-11.5 MJ ME/kg

25
Q

what is the DM and M/D of haylage

A

DM - 30-35%

MD - 9.5 MJ ME/kg

26
Q

what is the DM and M/D of hay

A

DM - 85%

M/D - 8-9 MJ ME/kg DM

27
Q

what is the DM and M/D of grass

A

DM - 20% (maximum)

M/D - 10-12.5 MJ ME/kg DM

28
Q

what is the DM and M/D of`straw

A

DM - 85%

M/D - 5.5-6.5 MJ ME/kg DM

29
Q

what is the DM and M/D of concentrates

A

DRY - like 100%ish

M/D - 12.5MJ ME/kg as fed

30
Q

what is the protein content of grass silage and maize silage respectively

A

grass - 14-16%

maize - 8-9%

31
Q

how can you remember a good way to estimate %DM

A

20% - sodden

30% - can grab chunks, squeeze liq

32
Q

there are 4 method of feeding cattle, name and desc

A

TMR - 24/7 availability. set for a particular stage and yield. forage + conc
traditional - silage at barrier; conc in parlous (+- midday feed too)
hybrid - TMR at barrier + conc in parlous
buffer - TMR supplement to grazing in summer

33
Q

what % of cows should be cudding at anyone time

A

75% (if not sleeping or actively eating)

34
Q

how can you monitor nutritional status in cows?

A

milk quality

  • protein - 3-4%. if low suggests long term deficit
  • butter fat - acetate (synthesised from fibre - give more if low). if v high - early lactation and XS fat mobilisation?

BCS - never lose >1 BCS

biochem test

  • metabolic profile (use 6cows from eage lact stage)
  • BHOB - will ID sub-clinical ketosis
35
Q

desc physiology of ketosis

A

XS fat mobilisation means not enough VFA (acetate and butryrate) to form with FFA (XS) and acetyl coA to enter krebs. this means the FFAs make ketones instead

36
Q

what is BHOB

A

b-hydroxybutyrate

37
Q

when blood or milk urea is elevated, what does that mean

A

protein (XS) without enough FME

– either or can be 1ry sign

38
Q

what is a NEFA and why does it matter

A

non-esterified FA

  • evidence of fat mobilisation in XS when the ketones go to the liver to be broken down
  • look for in dry cows!
39
Q

what are the factors which can be ID’d to assess silage quality

A

DM% - the dryer actually better as can eat more E/kg - eg after rain is bad!

fibre length

nice smell (no butyric)

time cut - spring best qual

40
Q

how can you tell what time of year the silage was cut

A

spring - thick stems and leaves

summer/autumn - seeds

41
Q

when/how long is the ‘transition’ diet

A

the last 3wks pregnancy

42
Q

what is the most impt time of a cows year

A

dry period

  • mamm recovery and development
  • uterine recovery and next conception
  • rumen development
43
Q

early dry diet aims for a DMI of ???

A

10-14 DM kg/d

44
Q

what type of fodder would you give eaalry dry cows

A

late cut silage + chopped straw
big bale silage
hay

45
Q

why is it a risk to leave on good pastures when dry

A

get fat on grass alone

try and supplement with straw - fbre, no kcal

46
Q

why is it so bad for cows to gain weight in dry period, afterall its all we try to make them do

A

fat goes viscerally in cows –> reduced DMI, inc dystocia, inc metabolic disease, obesity is inflammatory itself too

47
Q

how do you manage transition cows - their E demand grows, but DMI decreased?

A

give lactator TMR + chopped straw
OR
early dry cow diet of silage + straw + concentrates

48
Q

what M/D do early dry and transition cows required

A

early - 7.5 MJ/d

transition - 10.5 MJ/d

49
Q

when is the peak DMI (post calving)

A

4-10wks post. she’ll be eating ~ 25kg/d DMI (4% Bwt)

50
Q

what other factors about dry cow management will help DMI

A

remove stressors: stop milking, keep group stable, comfy, safe, plentyof barrier space

51
Q

what is fat mobilisation syndrome?

A

fat cows in early lactation mobilise XS fat reserves and depositied in liver
also get bovine DM (from isulin-R down regulations) - due to high glucose levels in blood

52
Q

theres breed variation bw location of fat. what are the differences bw Holstein, frieisan, beef, and channel islands?

A

Holstein - visceral fat +++ - so not as skinny as they look…
frieisian - NO visceral fat (barely)
beef - SC fat +++
channel - ++++++visceral fat! also yello!

53
Q

what Is the % DM and ME of: alkalage

A

%DM - 80%

ME - 11.2

54
Q

what Is the % DM and ME of: alkagrain

A

DM - 83%

ME - 13.5

LHW (13 decks)

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