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Food animal production > Bovine Lameness > Flashcards

Bovine Lameness Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the pathogenesis of sole ulcers?

A
  1. mainly a weight bearing issue
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2
Q

What is the essence of hoof trimming

A

balance to foot to prevent sole uclers

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3
Q

What percentage of a cows weight is on fore vs hind legs?

A

60% vs 40%

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4
Q

Why are there more issues in the hind limbs?

A

there is much more weight borne on the lateral claw–throwing her weight from side to side

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5
Q

Why does the lateral claw lay down more horn on the lateral claw?

A

because she is putting more weight on it–excessive use

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6
Q

What is the consequence of the lateral claw putting down more horn?

A

It bears more weight, puts down more horn, bears more weight–vicious cycle–most overloaded claw

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7
Q

What is the rate of sole/toe growth?

A

5mm/month

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8
Q

Which is tougher? sole or wall horn?

A

wall horn

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9
Q

Why does the sole get worn away at the heel while the toes not?

A

The sole is wet, wears away more quickly. The toe is made up of wall horn, does not get worn as quickly. Leads to the cow walking on her heels

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10
Q

Where is the weight born when the toe is overgrown?

A

thrown back on the heel

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11
Q

What is the region most likely to get sole ulcers?

A

heel region of the lateral hiind claw

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12
Q

What are you focusing on with foot trimming?

A

trim down the lateral claw, trim down the toes

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13
Q

What are other factors that contribute to sole ulcers

A

low grade laminitis results in sinking of P3. P3 has two sharp points–the outer edge and the flexor process at the back of P3

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14
Q

What are the factors that lead to sole ulcer formation

A

-increased weight bearing in heel
sinking of P3 pinches the corium below the flexor process–first it bleeds, then it dies (pressure necrosis). when it dies it stops forming new horn and a hole grows out in the sole.

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15
Q

What are the two layers of protection of the foot? what happens in abscess vs ulcer?

A

There is sole/wall and there is corium
In abscess only sole/wall breached. in ulcer the sole/wall and corium are impacted and the delicate tissues are now exposed

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16
Q

What is the big deal with sole ulcers?

A

They happen in the worse possible place: allows for access to: (1-3=goner)

  1. navicular bursa
  2. DIPJ (distal interphalangeal joint)
  3. tendon sheath
  4. heel bulb–fixable but a pain to get drug to (low blood supply)
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17
Q

What is surprising clinically about sole ulcers?

A

not that painful. Low grade, slow developing lameness. Producers tend to think is just thin soles. BOTH HER FEET HURT so she doesn’t limp. Most diagnose while trimming foot.

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18
Q

When a cow goes lame in her hind legs, what does she try to do?

A

she tries to put weight on front legs and her spine starts to arch

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19
Q

How do you treat sole ulcers?

A

get the weight bearing OFF of that area. (corium needs time, then can regenerate)

  1. trim lateral claw agressively
  2. trim toe
  3. smooth, contoured edges around the hole. DON’T LEAVE pockets
  4. use a block!–analgesia!
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20
Q

What provides the best “analgesia” to the cow?

A

a block

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21
Q

What is the danger of a block?

A

but all the weight on the claw with the block! need to aggressively trim that claw!!

22
Q

What is the maximum time to leave a block on?

A

6 weeks

23
Q

What is the disadvantage of wood blocks?

A

have to take them off

difficult to put them on

24
Q

What are the advantages of a plastic block?

A

fall off themselves
cheap
easier to put on

25
Q

What do you want to avoid by avoiding/treating ulcers?

A

deep sepsis:

  • severe lameness!!
  • swelling! does NOT look like foot rot!–can be swollen way higher up leg
  • heat
26
Q

What is a typical feature of swelling with deep sepsis?

A

UNILATERAL SWELLING
swelling of heel
tendon sheath swelling
10-2 position–pouch of distal interphalangeal joint

27
Q

What can you do with an animal with deep sepsis (most of the time)

A

euthanasia

28
Q

What is at the 10-2 position?

A

the pouch of the distal interphalangeal joint

29
Q

What can you see on radiograph?

A

large changes in the joint and can compare one joint with the other joint

30
Q

Do you need to take radiographs for deep sepsis?

A

no, clinical signs should be sufficient

31
Q

What is a knocked up toe?

A

the deep digital flexor tendon is ruptured and the toe is flipped up

32
Q

What are the three options for deep sepsis?

A
  1. slaughter–BEWARE WITHDRAWALs, cannot ship to slaughter so lame
  2. surgery–amputation
  3. salvage–arthrodesis of the joint (big money)
33
Q

What is wrong with sending animal to slaughter that has deep sepsis

A

have to beware withdrawal time

cannot ship a really lame animal

34
Q

What is the drawback of salvage with deep sepsis?

A

very expensive, extreme after care

35
Q

What is the best method of surgical anesthesia

A

Intravenous regional anesthesia

36
Q

What is the method of intravenous regional anesthesia?

A 
find a vein (usually on front of leg just before the skin bifurcates)
Do prep (before tournequet)
put a tournequet on the leg, stick 10-15mL of lidocaine NO epinephrine.
37
Q

How do you do IVRA–accessing the vein?

A

18G needle, just at top of little pad of fat, just under the skin.

38
Q

What is a side benefit of IVRA?

A

no bleeding during surgery

39
Q

What is the technique for removal if the distal interphalangeal joint?

A

go through P2, 3-5mm above coronary band, parallel to coronary band
take a scalpel to make incision–skin will heal quicker and a line to aim for
put embryotomy wire in there (long!)
saw (long steady cuts!)
should smoke :)

40
Q

What is the difficult part of claw amputation

A

the aftercare–the bandage–need loads of 4x4 and a large big bandage that must include the other toe. Blood often comes through the bandage–put more bandage on!

41
Q

why don’t you want to go too high on P2?

A

don’t want to hit nutrient artery because that would make the rest of P2 a sequestrum

42
Q

What is tarsal periarthritis?

A

a big swelling on the hock. Bursal formation on the lateral aspect of the hock due to repeated trauma.

43
Q

What is tarsal periarthritis typically associated with?

A

poor housing and stall design, esp short stalls

44
Q

What should you do with tarsal periarthritis?

A

don’t touch them! if open they could get septic arthritis. if gets septic on own then cull

45
Q

What are the clinical signs of cranial cruciate ligament rupture?

A
  1. acute lameness
  2. joint instability–pops–feel as she walks
  3. toes touching walk
  4. later develops severe fibrosis of the joint
    characteristic walk, often stifle swollen
46
Q

What is the tx for rupture of cranial cruciate ligament

A

realistically none

47
Q

What is spastic paresis?

A

1 neuromuscular condition of calves
2. breed susceptibility
progressive contracture og gastrocnemuis results in hyperextension of hock and stifle. cannot carry weight–leg extended behind but you can flex it manuallyually gastrocnemius fibroses

48
Q

What is a possible tx for spastic paresis

A

tibial neurectomy. don’t breed

49
Q

Where does the defect appear to be in spastic paresis?

A

in the brain–leg things leg always flexed

50
Q

What is carpal bursitis?

A

like tarsal dz but on cranial surface of the carpus. associated with lack of bedding

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