Boox only review Flashcards
Infering traits from behavior
Interests are a good look into personality
Infering traits from personality measures
You can infer traits by personality
Religion and prejudice
Allport was confused becuase religion rpeaches love but religous people are prejudices
Found that there are two types of religous people
extrinsic and intrinsic
Intrinsic religous people
people whos religous beliefs are truely part of their life
these kind of people are typically not prejudice
extrinsic religous people
these people use religion for personal gains such as position in society or to meet people
these people are prejudice
Discuss Eclecticism
Alport believed that the study of personality must be multi disciniplary
discuss subsidiation
one must learn to complete complex actions to satisfy basic drives
Dynamic lattice
a sort of map to predict peoples behavior
Basic behavioral repertoires
Bassic skills children must learn in order to move on and learn more useful high order skills
ex. you must learn to hold a pencil before you can learn to write.
The act frequency approach
measuring personality traits by assessing the frequency of prototypical behaviors
Matched dependent behavior
learning to make the same response as a model in response to a cue from the model
What are the four critical training periods of childhood
- feeding
- cleanliness training
- early sex training
- anger anxiety conflicts
Feeding phase of development
either properly feeding or neglecting a young child causes it to either become socially normal or not
Cleanliness training stage of development
corresponse to frueds anal stage
child learns to pair base cues with more complex behaviors ex toilet training
anger anxiety conflicts
correspond to frueds first three pyscho sexual stages
in this stage the child learns to properly label and express the emotion of anger as anger not as bad feelings.
• Stimulus generalization
- •Occurrence of a response to a stimulus other than the one that was a cue during learning
- •Example: child who learned to be afraid of one dog (who bit the child) will also be afraid of other dogs—the fear generalized to other dogs
- •The response will be more likely or stronger for cues that are quite similar to those present at learning and less likely/less strong to less similar cues
- •Generalization contributes to other behaviors as well; childhood tendencies to obey parents generalizes so that leaders provide cues for obedience
• Stimulus discrimination
- •Responding only to particular cues
- •The more a response generalizes, the less discrimination there is
- •If repeated learning experiences occur in which responses are rewarded only to highly specific cues, the learner will discriminate among the stimulus cues
- •Example: If one cat in the house purrs when it is pet, the child will learn to only pet that one cat
- • Gradient of reinforcement
- •The greater strengthening of the responses that are immediately followed by reward; delayed reward is less effective than immediate reward
- •The more closely the response is followed by the reward, the more it is strengthened
- • Approach-approach
- •Conflict in which an organism simultaneously wishes to approach two incompatable goals
- •One of minimal conflict because opposing tendencies are in equilibrium
- •Momentarily uncertain which will be chosen
- •Brief movements make the choice easy
• Approach-avoidance
- •Conflict in which an organism simultaneously whishes to approach and to avoid the same goal
- •The same course of action will lead to both reward and punishment
- •Because an avoidance gradient is steeper than the approach gradient, the two may cross and the approach tendency will be higher further from the goal but as the goal approaches, the avoidance tendency may be higher
- •People can behave quite inconsistently in approach-avoidance conflicts
- •Anxiety is acutely felt at the crossover point where approach and avoidance tendencies are equally as strong
• Double approach-avoidance
- •Conflict in which an organism must choose between two options, both of which have negative and positive aspects
- •Indecisiveness is a sign that there is an avoidance aspect to a choice
- •Strength of avoidance tendency increases more steeply than the approach tendency as person nears the goal
- •When person is far from the goal, little conflict is experienced and positive hopes of approach prevail
- •After choice is made and person moves toward goal, avoidance tendencies increase
What neurotransmitter is novelty seeking associated with
dopamine
what nuerotransmitter is harm avoidance associated with
serotonin
what nuerotransmitter is reward dependacne associated with
norepinephrine
Describe Gray’s sensitivity theory
some people emphasize approach and positive emotions whereas other emphasize approach and avoidance behaviors
- • Avoidance-avoidance
- •Conflict in which an organism must choose between two goals, both of which it finds undesirable, but is constrained from abandoning the situation
- •Only way to produce a response may be to increase the threat of punishment and because this increases escape option, constraints must also be increased
- •Such decisions invite postponement and procrastination
• Approach-avoidance
