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Unification Of Italy > Booklet 4 - Obstacles To Italian Unity After 1861 > Flashcards

Booklet 4 - Obstacles To Italian Unity After 1861 Flashcards

1
Q

How long were French troops deployed in Rome until?

A

1870

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2
Q

What occurred in 1864 regarding the occupation of French troops in Rome?

A

French troops agreed to leave Rome if the capital was moved from Turin to Florence

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3
Q

What was the consequence of the movement of the capital in 1864?

A

Riots in Turin leading to 23 deaths, caused the sacking of PM Minghetti

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4
Q

How can Austria be seen as an obstacle for Italian unity after 1861?

A

They still maintained a large army in Venetia, however this threat was weakening due to the increasing power of Prussians ( made a free trade treaty with France in 1862 and excluded Austria )

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5
Q

What year did Cavour die?

A

1861

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6
Q

How many PMs followed Cavour in the next 5 years - 1861-66?

A

5

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7
Q

Why did this create issues for Italy politically?

A

Created greater political instability in Italy as they were weaker/ more ignorant, the King lacked support for these new PMs

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8
Q

What % of men had the vote in the 1860s?

A

2% - these new PMs were unrepresentative of the masses of Italy

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9
Q

What issues did the Death of Cavour 1861 create in Rome?

A

No-one would now object Garibaldi’s objection to Rome not being unified

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10
Q

What was set up in Rome in 1862, largely due to the death of Cavour in 1861?

A

The society for emancipation of Rome, lead to attacks on Rome - French troops stayed deployed

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11
Q

What was Piedmontisation?

A

Piedmont tried to apply it’s political system all over Italy, created 53 provinces

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12
Q

How can Piedmontisation be seen as a failure post 1861?

A

Piedmont’s systems were unsuitable in the south - showed regional ignorance

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13
Q

Why was Piedmont’s jury system unsuccessful in the south?

A

Mafia were able to corrupt it

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14
Q

How did Piedmontisation upset religious feelings?

A

It’s free education system had to be paid for by the Church ( 2382 monasteries were shut down )

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15
Q

How did Piedmontisation also create issues in the north?

A

Failed promises - I.e Lombardy was promised a constitution

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16
Q

How much land did the Papacy lose as a result of the unification of Italy in 1861?

A

2/3 of their land

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17
Q

What was created as a result of Papacy’s loss of control in Italy, in 1864?

A

The Syllabus of Errors

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18
Q

What did the Syllabus of Errors state?

A

Church retain control of education, religious intolerance to go against this, Church to regain all non-religious power, Church did not accept modernisation

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19
Q

How did the Italian state respond to the Syllabus of Errors?

A

Increasing taxation on the Church in 1866 and demanded the Church hand over all their property

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20
Q

Where did the Pope move to live in the 1860s to make a dogma of papal infability?

A

The Vatican

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21
Q

What does a dogma of papal infability mean?

A

The pope can’t be wrong in what he states, can’t be charged by Italian laws

22
Q

What did the pope declare himself in Rome in 1870?

A

A prisoner - showed how the church lost all power/influence

23
Q

What was the argument against the use of plebiscites for unification?

A

Some were corrupted ( in Nice some people had no ‘no’ slips ) and some voters didn’t know they were voting for unification

24
Q

What is an example of ignorance of southern conditions by Piedmont?

A

The introduction of the Casati Laws ( compulsory education ) in 1859

25
Q

What other issue upset the south after 1861?

A

Land reform promised by Garibaldi to gain support in the south never happened as V.Emmanuel never agreed to it

26
Q

Why can issues in the South not be seen as purely Piedmont’s fault?

A

The mafia created corruption + there was a lack of resources in the South

27
Q

Who were the Brigands?

A

Bandits who lived in the Southern Italian mountains

28
Q

What created issues with law and order in the South after 1861?

A

Collapse of Bourbon rule, Italy demanded a 2.5 billion lire repayment from Bourbons , agents of Bourbons intentionally creating unrest

29
Q

Why did 25,000 men flee to the mountains in 1861?

A

Conscription was introduced, wanted to avoid military service

30
Q

What years was the Brigands war between?

A

1861-65

31
Q

What was the size of the two armies in the Brigands war?

A

120,000 Italian army vs 82,000 brigands

32
Q

Although Piedmont won, why was it still suffering from internal issues?

A

Still suffered uprisings I.e Palermo in 1866, resulted in the death of government officials

33
Q

What was Piedmont’s debt in 1861?

A

2450 million lire

34
Q

How did this Piedmont’s debt worsen after 1861?

A

It doubled after 4 years due to it taking on all states debts

35
Q

How were these forgoing debts replayed?

A

Taxes ( I.e 1865 flour tax ) and foreign loans

36
Q

In 1866, how much of Western infrastructure was owned by foreigners?

A

1/3

37
Q

What % of expenditure did deficit take up in 1866?

A

60%

38
Q

What tax was imposed in 1868?

A

1868 Grist Tax, tax on the milling of corn

39
Q

What was the impact of the 1868 tax?

A

Riots which resulted in 250 deaths and 1000 wounded as effected peasants badly

40
Q

What effect did the 1867 act have on land sales?

A

9 million acres of church land sold + peasants forced to sell land

41
Q

What % of annual agriculture production was used to repay debts after 1861?

A

30%

42
Q

How many people were employed in industry in 1861, and what proportion of these were women or children?

A

3 million, 80% women and children

43
Q

How did forced conscription have negative impacts in the south?

A

Young men who would usually work on the farm would have to go to military

44
Q

How much railway was built for separate states by unification?

A

2,773 km

45
Q

Which 2 areas of Italy had no railway at all?

A

Sicily and Sardinia

46
Q

Although the amount Cenis tunnel was completed in 1871, why did it not suppprt unity?

A

Only joined northern Italy to France

47
Q

Define fractious cohabitation

A

The Pope and Victor Emmanuel both held power in Italy, although not happily together.

48
Q

Define irredentism

A

Italian for ‘unredeemed’. Any movement to reclaim a homeland based on ethnic or historical traditions.

49
Q

How were Brigands defeated in the Brigands War?

A

Executed without trial, burn towns, imprison relatives of suspects, neutrals treated as supporters, censorship

50
Q

What were some new changes to this new Italy

A

Unified legal codes, Italian Army, Italian Navy, unified political system

Unification Of Italy (10 decks)

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