Booklet 4 - Obstacles To Italian Unity After 1861 Flashcards
How long were French troops deployed in Rome until?
1870
What occurred in 1864 regarding the occupation of French troops in Rome?
French troops agreed to leave Rome if the capital was moved from Turin to Florence
What was the consequence of the movement of the capital in 1864?
Riots in Turin leading to 23 deaths, caused the sacking of PM Minghetti
How can Austria be seen as an obstacle for Italian unity after 1861?
They still maintained a large army in Venetia, however this threat was weakening due to the increasing power of Prussians ( made a free trade treaty with France in 1862 and excluded Austria )
What year did Cavour die?
1861
How many PMs followed Cavour in the next 5 years - 1861-66?
5
Why did this create issues for Italy politically?
Created greater political instability in Italy as they were weaker/ more ignorant, the King lacked support for these new PMs
What % of men had the vote in the 1860s?
2% - these new PMs were unrepresentative of the masses of Italy
What issues did the Death of Cavour 1861 create in Rome?
No-one would now object Garibaldi’s objection to Rome not being unified
What was set up in Rome in 1862, largely due to the death of Cavour in 1861?
The society for emancipation of Rome, lead to attacks on Rome - French troops stayed deployed
What was Piedmontisation?
Piedmont tried to apply it’s political system all over Italy, created 53 provinces
How can Piedmontisation be seen as a failure post 1861?
Piedmont’s systems were unsuitable in the south - showed regional ignorance
Why was Piedmont’s jury system unsuccessful in the south?
Mafia were able to corrupt it
How did Piedmontisation upset religious feelings?
It’s free education system had to be paid for by the Church ( 2382 monasteries were shut down )
How did Piedmontisation also create issues in the north?
Failed promises - I.e Lombardy was promised a constitution
How much land did the Papacy lose as a result of the unification of Italy in 1861?
2/3 of their land
What was created as a result of Papacy’s loss of control in Italy, in 1864?
The Syllabus of Errors
What did the Syllabus of Errors state?
Church retain control of education, religious intolerance to go against this, Church to regain all non-religious power, Church did not accept modernisation
How did the Italian state respond to the Syllabus of Errors?
Increasing taxation on the Church in 1866 and demanded the Church hand over all their property
Where did the Pope move to live in the 1860s to make a dogma of papal infability?
The Vatican
What does a dogma of papal infability mean?
The pope can’t be wrong in what he states, can’t be charged by Italian laws
What did the pope declare himself in Rome in 1870?
A prisoner - showed how the church lost all power/influence
What was the argument against the use of plebiscites for unification?
Some were corrupted ( in Nice some people had no ‘no’ slips ) and some voters didn’t know they were voting for unification
What is an example of ignorance of southern conditions by Piedmont?
The introduction of the Casati Laws ( compulsory education ) in 1859
What other issue upset the south after 1861?
Land reform promised by Garibaldi to gain support in the south never happened as V.Emmanuel never agreed to it
Why can issues in the South not be seen as purely Piedmont’s fault?
The mafia created corruption + there was a lack of resources in the South
Who were the Brigands?
Bandits who lived in the Southern Italian mountains
What created issues with law and order in the South after 1861?
Collapse of Bourbon rule, Italy demanded a 2.5 billion lire repayment from Bourbons , agents of Bourbons intentionally creating unrest
Why did 25,000 men flee to the mountains in 1861?
Conscription was introduced, wanted to avoid military service
What years was the Brigands war between?
1861-65
What was the size of the two armies in the Brigands war?
120,000 Italian army vs 82,000 brigands
Although Piedmont won, why was it still suffering from internal issues?
Still suffered uprisings I.e Palermo in 1866, resulted in the death of government officials
What was Piedmont’s debt in 1861?
2450 million lire
How did this Piedmont’s debt worsen after 1861?
It doubled after 4 years due to it taking on all states debts
How were these forgoing debts replayed?
Taxes ( I.e 1865 flour tax ) and foreign loans
In 1866, how much of Western infrastructure was owned by foreigners?
1/3
What % of expenditure did deficit take up in 1866?
60%
What tax was imposed in 1868?
1868 Grist Tax, tax on the milling of corn
What was the impact of the 1868 tax?
Riots which resulted in 250 deaths and 1000 wounded as effected peasants badly
What effect did the 1867 act have on land sales?
9 million acres of church land sold + peasants forced to sell land
What % of annual agriculture production was used to repay debts after 1861?
30%
How many people were employed in industry in 1861, and what proportion of these were women or children?
3 million, 80% women and children
How did forced conscription have negative impacts in the south?
Young men who would usually work on the farm would have to go to military
How much railway was built for separate states by unification?
2,773 km
Which 2 areas of Italy had no railway at all?
Sicily and Sardinia
Although the amount Cenis tunnel was completed in 1871, why did it not suppprt unity?
Only joined northern Italy to France
Define fractious cohabitation
The Pope and Victor Emmanuel both held power in Italy, although not happily together.
Define irredentism
Italian for ‘unredeemed’. Any movement to reclaim a homeland based on ethnic or historical traditions.
How were Brigands defeated in the Brigands War?
Executed without trial, burn towns, imprison relatives of suspects, neutrals treated as supporters, censorship
What were some new changes to this new Italy
Unified legal codes, Italian Army, Italian Navy, unified political system
