Booklet 1/2 - 1848/49 Revolutions Flashcards
What occured in Sicily as a cause for the 1848/49 revolutions?
Cholera outbreak killing 65,000
Who inspired growth of liberalism as a cause for the 1848/49 revolutions, and where?
Charles Albert, ‘statuto’ in Piedmont
What reforms did Pope Pius IX propose inspiring the 1848/49 revolutions?
Freeing political prisoners, free trade increase with Tuscany
What other issues inspired the 1848/49 revolutions?
Increased anti-Austrian feeling, economic issues (harvest failures in 1846/47) increasing social discontent
Who were the 1848/49 revolutions against?
Austrian control
Why was Charles Albert an inspiration for the 1848/49 revolutions?
People believed he could lead a national revival against the Austrians as part of strongest state (Piedmont)
Where did revolutions begin in January 1848?
Sicily and Naples
What caused the revolutions in Sicily and Naples?
Cholera outbreak and mistreatment by Ferdinand II
Who led uprisings in Naples?
Organised by secret societies, but poor masses (lazzaroni) lead uprisings
Why was Ferdinand II forced to listen to demands?
Bourbon army defeated and officials killed
What did Ferdinand grant in Naples in February 1848 as a result of the revolutions?
Conservative constitution
Where did revolutions occur in March 1848, and what were the results?
Vienna, caused Metternich to resign
What occured in Lombardy in 1848?
Tobacco boycotts
What were the ‘5 Glorious Days’?
Marches in Milan, 10,000 took part, presented a liberal reform bill to Austria, around 400 died
What occured on March 22nd 1848?
Charles Albert declared war on Austria, invaded Lombardy
What were the 4 Austrian Fortresses in Italy called?
Quadrilaterals
What does Pope Pius IX do on April 29th 1848 which weakens Charles Albert?
Declares he won’t support a war against Austria, causes Charles Albert to lose troops as some Catholic Soldiers refuse to go against the Pope
Where did Charles Albert defeat Austria in May 1848?
Goito
What issues were the French causing in 1848?
Deployed 30,000 troops of Piedmont border to discourage any attacks on French territory
What mistake did Charles Albert make in May 1848?
Refuses to let anyone join the army who doesn’t swear loyalty to him - loses support as people fear a monarchy
Where was Charles Albert defeated by Austrians on July 24th 1848?
Battle of Custozza
What armistice was signed in August 1848?
Armistice of Salasco
What did Ferdinand II do in September 1848?
Sent an army of 20,000 troops to crush constitutional government in Sicily, able to get full power back, nickname King Bomba
What happened in November 1848 in Rome?
Anti-Liberal PM Count Rossi murdered, caused the pope to flee Rome
What was set up in Rome in February 1849, due to the absence of the pope?
Constitution, aims to set up a Roman republic
Charles Albert attempted to re-ignite uprisings in March 1849 - where was he defeated?
Battle of Novara by Austrians
How did France get involved in Rome in April 1849?
Louis Napoleon sent 20,000 troops to help the Pope regain control of Rome
What occurred on July 3rd 1849?
French were finally able to enter Rome after being held out for 2 months by Garibaldi + men, Pope gained power back
What was signed in August 1849, and what were the consequences for Piedmont?
Austria/Piedmont peace treaty, lead to a 65 million franc war reparation to be paid to Austria
What were the negative result of the 1848-49 revolutions?
Strengthened Austrian military presence in Italy, lack of working class support
What were the positive results to Italy of the 1848-49 revolutions?
Managed to help initiate unification ideas, V.Emmanuel’s kept constitution in Piedmont - increased migration to Piedmont
What do the Sicilians declare in April that isn’t very pro Italian Unification?
Sicilian Independence
What was the Statuto?
A constitution granted by Charles Albert, King of Piedmont, in 1847.
1/3 of Austrian tax revenue came from which two wealthy Italian states?
Lombardy and Venetia
What did the ‘Five Glorious Days’ achieve in the short term?
Anti Austrian uprising causes General Radetzky to withdraw and gains an alliance with Piedmont
What were the liberal reforms introduced by the Roman republic?
legal reform, slum clearance, ended press censorship, abolished the death penalty, removed church control of education, promised a constitution
