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China Revision > Booklet 3 > Flashcards

Booklet 3 Flashcards

covers the Japanese in china 1931 - 1941

1
Q

define communism

A

a political ideology that renders everybody equal, so there is no requirement for a state.

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2
Q

describe the expansion of the CCP

A

200 members in 1922 to 58,000 in 1928

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3
Q

who was Adolfe Joffe?

A

a senior soviet diplomat who met SYS in 1923 to agree national unity would be important to the united front

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4
Q

Who was Borodin?

A

sent to China to make the GMD like the Bolsheviks in Russia

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5
Q

What military developments did the Russians make in China?

A

created Whampoa Military Academy, Chiang was appointed commandant - trained in Moscow, Zhou Enlai was political commisar

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6
Q

What was the Comintern?

A

founded in 1919 by Lenin, aimed to control/promote international communism

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7
Q

Who was Sneevlit?

A

founded the congresss of the CCP in 1921 - encouraged members to make links with proletariet, and encouraged cooperation with the GMD

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8
Q

what did the russians agree to do?

A

surrender all russian occupied land (mongolia) that was given to the old russian monarchy

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9
Q

what did the russians condemn?

A

the privileges given to western powers in Chinese ports

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10
Q

who was Voitinski?

A

Russian Comintern agent who met with Chen in may 1920. organised translation of Communist Manifesto into Chinese

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11
Q

what was the Bolshevik revolution?

A

the old oppressive regime was overthrown in russia in 1917.

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12
Q

how much did the comintern provide per annum for the CCP?

A

$5,000

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13
Q

what were the comintern demands of the CCP?

A

join with the GMD as it was better established - 1923 united front

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14
Q

Why did Chiang Kai Shek replace Sun Yat Sen after he died?

A

he successfully led the northern expedition

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15
Q

why did chiang turn against the communists in 1927?

A

he had ensured defeat of the warlords, wanted to support industrialists who objected to trade unions

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16
Q

why was nationalist china a dictatorship?

A

quick development/ decisions

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17
Q

where were the communists between 1936 and 1944?

A

ya’nan - mao is writing/ spreading maoism

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18
Q

how did the communist’s ruthlessness allow them to survive?

A

1930 - purge against anyone who is moderate. 3000 officers killed who were considered to be spies

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19
Q

what percentage of communists are estimated to have died on the long march?

A

80%

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20
Q

how did peasants enable survival of communism?

A

intel, resources, food, recruits

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21
Q

what event between in 1894 increased japanese interest in china?

A

the first sino japanese war - japan gained korea and taiwan in the treaty of Shiminoseki

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22
Q

why did the russo japanese war of 1905 increase japanese interest in china?

A

confidence in military strength

23
Q

what did the japanese demand of china between 1915 and 1921?

A

all german possesions, influence in government, 50% of munitions purchased from japan.

24
Q

what did the 1919 treaty of versailles support?

A

japanese seizure of german possesions

25
Q

what were the main reasons for japanese invasion of manchuria?

A

stop spread of communism (buffer china/ussr), manchuria was not unified with china, wanted to reduce americn influence, manchurian resources, loss of american markets following wall street crash

26
Q

why was the young marshall a concern for the japanese in manchuria? (2 reasons)

A

he unified manchurian provinces with the GMD, he had wealth due to control of tianjin

27
Q

how did chiang kai shek and zhang xueliang pressurise the japanese in manchuria?

A

northeastern defence army had 400,000 troops, refused railway deals, GMD boycott of japanese imports

28
Q

describe the 1831 mukden incident.

A

japanese army acted before tokyo could prevent, blew up railway near chinese barracks, japanese army claimed it was self defence

29
Q

how did chiang kai shek respond to mukden?

A

signed away north of the great wall

30
Q

HOW and WHY did the japanese appoint Puyi as chief exeutive in manchuria?

A

How - was manchu so claim heritage for leadership Why- operate a puppet state

31
Q

when was the Washington Naval Conference and why did japanese actions go against it?

A

1922 - didn’t respect chinese sovreignity

32
Q

describe the events of the 1932 shanghai boycotts.

A

january - boycotts begin, 29/01 japan bomb chapei - high civillian mortality rate, may 1932 armistice

33
Q

4 ways the japanese secured northern power

A

attacked chinese south of the wall, bribed generals in tianjin, encouraged local resistance, radio stations sent out fake military orders to confuse

34
Q

what were the three main terms of the treaty of tanggu in may 1933?

A

hebei province would be demilitarised, right tp fly spy planes, japanese would return north of the great wall

35
Q

when do japan leave the league of nations?

A

1933

36
Q

what were the long term causes of all out war?

A

imperialism, nationalist improvments, great depression, japanese army coup, chiang kai shek’s decision to not oppose japan

37
Q

what were the medium term causes of all out war?

A

national defence planning council of 1932, move vulnerable industries west, encirclement campaigns and TLM, Xian incident, CCP + GMD unite against japan, 50% spending on military

38
Q

what were the short term causes of all out war?

A

marco polo bridge incident, public sentiment, military readiness

39
Q

what was the purpose of the shanghai battle (chinese)?

A

second front against japan, force japan to attack E —> W, delay (space fpr time), foreign publicity

40
Q

describe the chinese prep for the 1931 battle of shanghai

A

defences along yangtze, propoganda, central NRA, hidenberg line, tanks/ airforce

41
Q

describe the japanese prep for the battle of shanghai

A

3,000 naval troops, 32 off coast vessels, strongholds, tanks, anti tank artillary

42
Q

describe the chinese attack at shanghai

A

surprise ground attack, aerial attacks, accidently bombed civillians causing refugee chaos

43
Q

what was the japanes response to the shanghai attacks

A

naval and air bombardment, 200,000 troops reinforcement

44
Q

what were the results of the battle of shanghai?

A

3 months of heavy fighting, 187,000 troops lost, retreat to nanjing was poorly organised, hindenberg line destroyed in 2 weeks, media/global attention, japanese decide to march on nanjing.

45
Q

what were the affects of the rape of nanjing on civilians?

A

20-40,000 women raped, 350,000 died, american/german safety zones,

46
Q

how many died after the bombing of the yellow river dykes?

A

1/2 million

47
Q

what were the economic impacts of the war?

A

military expenses, halt in investment in infrastructure and education,

48
Q

how many japanese were defeated at tauerzhang?

A

8,000 boosting chinese morale

49
Q

how did the USA aid china BEFORE pearl harbour?

A

loans $25 - $50 million, trained pilots using economic incentive of $500 per japanese plane shot down, 1940 froze japanese assets in US banks

50
Q

what happened at pearl harbour december 1941?

A

japanese attack us military fleet at pearl harbour, because the US froze japanese assets in banks

51
Q

what did roosevelt say that legitamised Chiang’s leadership?

A

he was ‘as important in the war as churchill or stalin’

52
Q

how did USA help to combat the closure of the Burma Road?

A

flew supplies over the himalayas (flying tigers)

53
Q

how did the USA justify Nagisaki and Hiroshima?

A

argued that they would result in fewer casulties overall

54
Q

why was the USA intervention significant for communism?

A

CCP occupied formerly japanese areas, Dixi mission 1944 -downplayed ambitions of CCP in China.

China Revision (7 decks)

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