Booklet 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meaning of concessions?

A

Zones within major cities that were controlled by foreigners

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2
Q

What is the phrase meaning an overseas territory directly ruled by Britain?

A

Crown colony

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3
Q

Who were the progressive elements?

A

The members of the imperial court that wanted China to modernise

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4
Q

Who were the reactionaries in the court?

A

Those who opposed reform

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5
Q

What were the boxers?

A

Anti western secret societies

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6
Q

What was the open door policy?

A

The USA’s policy which aimed to prevent European powers imposing unfair commercial agreements on China.

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7
Q

What does indigenous mean?

A

Something unique to an area

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8
Q

What was the tongmenghui?

A

A Nationalist league who wanted China to become a republic

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9
Q

Who was Sun Yatsen?

A

A western educated doctor who wanted to adopt western ideals of democracy, nationalism and socialism. He was banished to Japan after 1895 when he tried to stage a coup.

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10
Q

When was the first sin Japanese war? why did it increase Japanese interest in China?

A

1894 - Japan gained Korea + Taiwan in the treaty of Shimonseki

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11
Q

What political changes took place between 1870 - 94? (4)

A
  • Guangxu 1875-1908
  • Zongli Yamen run by Prince Gong he was removed from power in 1884
  • new western ideas of democracy + republic filter into China
  • Creation of GMD
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12
Q

What economic changes took place in China between 1870 - 94? (3)

A
  • industrialisation
  • westerners controlled trade in the treaty ports
  • HSBC
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13
Q

What social changes took place between 1870-94?(5)

A
  • middle class grew as a result of industrialisation
  • politically apathetic peasantry
  • foreign laws enforced on Chinese (ET)
  • 50 TPs by 1900
    Self Strengthening Movement
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14
Q

What cultural changes took place in China between 1870-94? (4)

A
  • foreign language schools
  • educated abroad (eg) SYS)
  • Western music, clothing etc; in TP eg) Shanghai
  • more educated classes wanted to adopt/ adapt to expel the foreign devils
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15
Q

What years did the Meiji Revolution take place?

A

1868-73

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16
Q

What was the impact of The Meiji Revolution?

A

inspired by Prussia TMR was a fast paced industrial revolution which increased Japanese Military and Economic might

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17
Q

How did Japan’s Geography allow it to modernise more successfully than China?

A

smaller size = strong central government

Fra East - insulated from western interference

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18
Q

How did Japan’s Receptivity allow it to modernise more successfully than China?

A

Chinese had 2000 years of assumed cultural authority, Japan had historically ‘borrowed culture’ from Korea and China, so was not unusual. ADOPT/ADAPT

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19
Q

What are the CAUSES of the first Sino- Japanese war? (1894/5)

A
  • shared influence in Korea - notify each other of presence
  • Treaty of Gungwha between Korea and Japan in 1885 opened up ports in Japan increasing military might
  • Tianjin convention - treated them as equals
  • Meiji more successful than SSM
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20
Q

What were the EVENTS of the 1894/95 war?

A

Japanese arrive first (China are dealing with French)
China arrive with British transport - suck by Japan
land battles at Seoul - pushed over Yalu river
Japan seize Port Arthur
Naval Battles - Japan sink Chinese new navy
Japan seize Taiwan and Korea

21
Q

What were the main terms of The Treaty of Shimonseki?

A

Korea in independent protectorate of Japan
200 million taels to Japan in reparations
4 more treaty ports eg) Chong Ching
Taiwan + some Manchuria
Japanese have the right to industrialise any treaty ports

22
Q

How did the Sino Japanese war upset the South-East Asian regional hierarchy?

A

China was less developed than japan which went against the Confucian order + Japan used to be a tributary state to China

23
Q

How might Japanese development be a model for China to follow?

A

fast paced modernisation over 40 years, East Asian Co prosperity sphere against west - old fashioned values of cultural superiority

24
Q

Who was Li Hongzhang? + 3 facts to support

A

Government Minister who convinced Cixi to modernise using government funds.

1) sent people to be educated abroad
2) entrepreneur 1872 Merchants steam ship company
3) diplomatic - negotiated with the French

25
Q

What were the aims of The Triple Intervention?

A

quelle Japanese growth in Asia

Russia wanted warm water ports

26
Q

What did France Gain from The Triple Intervention?

A

sphere of influence and Hongshang bay for trade

27
Q

What did Russia gain from The Triple Intervention?

A

Manchuria, warm water ports and Trans Siberian railway

28
Q

What did Germany gain from The Triple Intervention?

A

Ciangdao peninsula, protect their naval base

29
Q

Why was Britain keen not to partition China like other western nations?

A

wanted to keep China strong/ didn’t want to lose assets in China

30
Q

When was 99 year lease for Hong Kong signed?

A

1898

31
Q

When was the first Chinese Steam Ship built?

A

1881

32
Q

When did the Chinese telegraph system develop?

A

1880s

33
Q

Describe conflict with France in 1884

A

France seized Hanoi + Li’s negotiations fail
1883/4 Sino French War over North Vietnam
French destroy Fuijin Fleet as Fuzhou Shipyard (SSM failure)
1885 Treaty of Tianjin - Vietnam Chinese protectorate and trading rights

34
Q

What did Li Hongzhang negotiate with Russia in 1896?

A

building of TSR through north in exchange for Russian defence against potential Japanese attack

35
Q

What did Russia gain in 1898?

A

25 year lease of Port Arthur

36
Q

What in 1897 caused the German seizing of The Shangdong Peninsula?

A

murder of catholic German missionaries, forced China to grant a 99 year lease on Jiaozhou bay nad give concessions for German railways + mines

37
Q

What do Marxist Historians suggest was the affect of western imperialism on China?

A

silver drain, Cheap British cotton damaged handicraft industry, ET in TP meant Chinese industry could not compete, indemnity payments crippled the imperial government

38
Q

What do other western historians suggest about the economic impact of western imperialism?

A
  • by the 1930s 61% of cotton cloth was still woven in China
  • cottage industry—-> efficient factories
  • 1900 tea trade was dominated by India
39
Q

When was Guangxu’s 100 days of reform? what did it do?

A

1898 - abolish ET, modernise education, remove corruption of advisors, national postal service.

40
Q

What does Cixi convince the court to do after the 100 days of reform and why?

A

put Guangxu under house arrest because she doesn’t want to lose power

41
Q

Why did the reform movement fail?

A

Cixi ultra right

too moderate

42
Q

What were the ST causes of The Boxer Rebellion?

A

belief of invincibility. 1898 natural disasters (MoH), anti foreign feeling, against Christian Missionaries

43
Q

What did the boxers target?

A

Urban legations + concessions, Christians, modern infrastructure

44
Q

Who did Cixi appeal to send troops to aid against foreigners?

A

regional governers - they refused, imperial forces easily destroyed

45
Q

Why did Cixi not ban boxers? How did foreigners interpret this?

A

She thought foreigners wanted to restore Guangxu, foreigners thought she endorsed boxer actions

46
Q

Which German ambassador was killed during the 3 nigh siege of the German embassy?

A

Baron von Kettler

47
Q

After the boxers were defeated, where did Cixi, Guangxu and the Imperial Court flee to?

A

Xian

48
Q

What were the terms of the courts return to Beijing in 1902?

A

accept responsibility
$450 million reparations
Arsenals and forts destroyed
Foreign troops in Beijing permanently

49
Q

What was the result of the Boxer Rebellion in China?

A

Humiliation and lack of faith in Qing