Booklet 1

Question 1

Why would foreigners struggle to trade with China? (2 reasons)

Answer 1

The Canton System - they can only trade from one port

Strict government control

Question 2

What did Hegel say about China in the late 18th century? What does this suggest about Chinese foreign policy?

Answer 2

“The sea is only the limit, the ceasing of the land, they have no positive relation to it”

Suggests that China did not desire a relationship with foreigners

Question 3

What was the short term result of the Treaty of Tianjin?

Answer 3

$4 million dollars in indemnities

Question 4

What were the long term results of The Treaty of Tianjin

Answer 4

Embassies 
Treaty ports (10 new including 4 along the Yangtze)
Extraterritoriality 
No jurisdiction over over foreigners 
Missionaries 
Foreign ministry (Zongi Yamen)

Question 5

How had trading changed by 1870?

Answer 5

Legalised opium - increasing British profit 
Imported cotton (industrialising)

Question 6

How were foreigners affecting China by 1870? (3 ways)

Answer 6

Language translation (compradors)
Destruction of the summer palace 
Negligible affect on peasant masses

Question 7

How had foreigners impact politics by 1870?

Answer 7

Ambassadors
Prince Kong
Zongli Yamen

Question 8

How were the imperial government weakened by foreigners before 1870?

Answer 8

Treaty of Tianjin (1858/59)
Extraterritoriality
Cixi (inexperienced concubine)

Question 9

How had anti-foreign feeling increased before 1870?

Answer 9

Feeling of humiliation
Widespread opium addiction
Against missionaries

Question 10

Describe 4 features of the self strengthening movement

Answer 10

Military improvements
A little westernisation
Jiangnan Shipyard 1865- artillery and weapons
Students sent abroad