Bones Part 2 Flashcards
Takes up 14% of body weight (206 bones)
Bones
upper and lower extremities, the pectoral girdle, the pelvic girdle
206 bones
Appendicular skeleton
The rest of the bones
Axial
True, false, floating
Ribs
Body and end plate
Osteologic feature
Different types of processes
Spine, transverse, and superior/inferior
Different types of foramina
Vertebral, inter verbal, and transverse
Different types of vertebrae
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx
How many cervical vertebrae
7n
How many thoracic vertebrae
12
How many lumbar vertebrae
5
How many sacral vertebrae
5
How many coccyx vertebrae
4, fused
Lordosis
Lumbar and cervical
Is lordosis concave or convex
2 convex anteriorly
Kyphosis
Sacral and thoracic
Kyphosis is concave or convex
Convex posteriorly
The 1st cervical vertebrae is called
Atlas
The second cervical vertebrae is
Axis
Movements cervical vertebrae
Flexion, extension, rotation
Common features of cervical vertebrae
Transverse foremen, unconvertebral joints, bifurcating spinous process, small body , flexion, extension, rotation, and side bending
Cervical vertebrae 7 has what ?
Large spinous process similar to the thoracic vertebra
Artery doesn’t pass through transverse foramen of ____ only
C7
In the thoracic vertebrae , what increases in size caudally?
Bodies
In the thoracic vertebrae, the spinous processes are long, slender, directed _____ to overlap with the succeeding vertebra
Caudally
Descending the thoracic spine, the spinous processes become shorter and broader resembling the ___
Lumbar vertebrae
In the thoracic vertebrae, are there many movements allowed?
Yes, many movement directions
Two different movements in the thoracic vertebrae
Major and minor
What is the major movement in the thoracic vertebrae?
Lateral flexion (side bending) and rotation
What is the minor movement in the thoracic vertebrae?
Limited Flexion/Ext due to rib cage
The _____ articular facet articulates with the ______ articular facet
Inferior, superior
Inferior arIcular facet arIculates with
Superior arIcular facet
Zygapophyseal joints
Zygapophyseal joints oriented in the _____ plane
Frontal
In the thoracic plane- orientation shifts from frontal plane to lateral plane as it approaches the ____ region
Lumbar
Attach to the superior/inferior costal facets
of vertebral body and costal facet on the
transverse process
Thoracic vertebrae as/ rib attachments
Mobilization for thoracic vertebrae
Posterior to anterior, upward and downward rotation
True ribs
1-7
Vertebrocostal ribs
True ribs
Attach directly to sternum
True ribs
False ribs
8-10
Vertebrochondral ribs
False ribs
Attach via cartilage to the cartilage of
the rib above
False ribs
Ribs 11-12
Floating ribs
Vertebrae posteriorly with no anterior
attachment
Floating ribs
Typical ribs
Head, neck, coastal tubercle, body shaft (costal angle and costal groove)
Atypical Ribs (1 st, 2nd, 10th, 11th 12th)
Atypical ribs
single head facet and scalene
tubercle
1st atypical ribs
two head facets and tuberosity
for serratus anterior
2nd atypical ribs
only one head facet and
articulate with only one vertebra
10th-12th atypical ribs
no neck or tubercle
11th-12th atypical rib
Short and heavy pedicles
Lumbar
Spinous processes are also broad
Lumbar
Orientation of the facets are in the sagittal
plane
Lumbar
Majority of motion is Flexion/Extension in
Lumbar
Wedge shape
Sacrum
The central column are fused sacral
vertebral bodies
Sacrum
tailbone
4 fused vertebrae
The anterior surface is
concave & posterior is convex
Coccyx
Short transverse processes for
muscle attachment
Coccyx
Attachment of filum terminale
First coccyx
ONLY ligament to limit/resist
Extension
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Strong broad band-like ligament
covering the anterior and lateral
aspects of the vertebral body.
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Attaches to the base of the cranium
anterior to the foramen magnum down
to the sacrum.
Cranium-Sacrum
Weak limiter of
hyperflexion
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Thin band posterior to the
spinal column within the
vertebral canal.
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Attaches to intervertebral
discs
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Resists lateral flexion
Intertransverse ligament
Connect adjacent
transverse processes
Intertransverse ligament
Constant tension in neutral
and flexed spines
Ligamentum Flavum
Elastic fibers maintain
tension and create
intervertebral disc
compression
↑ pressure = ↑ stiffness
support in neutral spine
Connected at the laminae
Ligamentum Flavum
Limits spinal flexion
Interspinous ligament
Connects adjacent spinous
processes
Interspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament is
Weak and thin
Resists Flexion
Supraspinous ligament
Begins as Ligamentum Nuchae in
the cervical region (C7 to external
occipital protuberance)
Supraspinous ligament
Discs absorb shock
Intervertebral Discs
IV Disks unite
vertebrae
2 parts to each disc
Annulus fibrosus, and nucleus pulposus
Annulus Fibrosus
fibrocartilage
center composed
of mucoid material interspersed with reticular and collagen fibers.
Nucleus Pulposus
Bulging fibrous ring of multiple
fibrocartilage layers forming the
perimeter of the disc.
Annulus Fibrosus
Primarily composed of water
• Allows compression and reforms
Nucleus Pulposus
Nucleus Pulposus can protrude
through the
annulus (bulging disc)
