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CFB > Bones of Skull I & 2 > Flashcards

Bones of Skull I & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skull

A

Protects brain and special sense organs
Houses upper respiratory and digestive tract
Site of muscle and meninges attachment
Optimum environment to support the brain

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2
Q

What 2 parts make up skull?

A

Skull = cranium + mandible (and TMJ)

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3
Q

What makes up the cranium?

A

Cranium = cranial vault/calvaria + fascia skeleton (viscerocranium)

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4
Q

What is the calvaria/cranial vault/Neurocranium?

A

Part where the brain sits in the bony skull

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5
Q

What does the calvaria split into?

A

Calvaria = cranial base + neurocranium proper
There is not physical boundary separating them

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6
Q

What ossification forms the cranial base/chondrocranium?

A

Endochondral ossification

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7
Q

What ossification forms the cranial vault/calvaria/neurocranium?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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8
Q

What ossification forms the facial skeleton?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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9
Q

How many bones make up the skull?

A

8 bones in the neurocranium
14 bones in viscerocranium

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10
Q

Which 8 bones make up the neurocranium? (some are paired)

A

Frontal (1)
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Occipital (1)
Sphenoid (1)
Ethmoid (1)

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11
Q

How are cranial bones held together?

A

By fibrous sutures (immovable symphysis/joint)

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12
Q

What is the pterion?

A

Several sutures meet here making it thin and weak

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13
Q

What can a knock to the temple cause?

A

Burst the sutures meeting at the pterion and damage the middle meningeal artery
Damage can cause extradural hematoma = serious life threatening bleed between skull and meningeal layers

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14
Q

How does the frontal bone develop?

A

As 2 bones before fusing together

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15
Q

What are fontanelle?

A

Large membranous unossified gaps of connective tissue

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16
Q

Function of fontanelle

A

Allow the fetal head to form through its journey through the birth canal and enable post-natal growth so the brain develops and grows quickly.

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17
Q

What do the anterior fontanelle fuse to form?

A

Bregma

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18
Q

What do the posterior fontanelle fuse to form?

A

Lambda

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19
Q

Where do the 2 frontal bones meet?

A

Metotopic suture (usually disappears)

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20
Q

When do most fontanelle fuse?

A

In the first year of life

21
Q

What condition can cause incomplete ossification or fusion of fontanelle?

A

Cleidocranial dysostosis
Affects bone and teeth development meaning bones are not hollow. Potentially infused fontanelle and present metotopic suture.

22
Q

Which cranial bones are flat and which are irregular?

A

Irregular: ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal
Flat: frontal, parietal, occipital

23
Q

Structure of the flat bones

A

Inner thin cortical layer, middle diploe spongy layer, outer thick cortical layer
Fairly dense structure to offer protection

24
Q

What is the purpose of the spongy bone in the flat bones?

A

To reduce the weight of the skull and it is a site of haematopoiesis

25
How does cranium thickness vary?
Very thick at posterior occipital bone and frontal bone Very thin at pterion
26
What is the purpose of parietal foramen?
Responsible for allowing emissary veins to drain the venous blood from the scalp. Clinically important as they provide a route of infection, but are normally important in keeping the brain cool.
27
Define fissure, foramen, canal, fossa, symphysis
Fissure = slit Foramen = hole Canal = long conduit in bones Fossa = a depression or hollow ditch usually filled with an anatomical structure Symphysis = fibrous joint (same as suture)
28
Different cavities of the cranium
Paranasal sinuses Nasal cavity Cranial vault/cavity Ocular orbit Auditory canal Oral cavity
29
What is the anterior cranial fossa made from?
Formed by orbital plate of the frontal bone, lesser wing of sphenoid, ethmoid bone
30
What makes up the middle cranial fossa?
Mainly formed by sphenoid and temporal bones
31
What makes up the posterior cranial fossa?
Formed by temporal and occipital bones
32
What are the 14 bones of the viscerocranium?
Zombies Like Punching My Very Manly Nose In Zygomatic (2) Lacrimal (2) Palatine (2) Maxilla (2) Vomer (1) Mandible (1) Nasal (2) Inferior nasal concha (2)
33
What are the exceptions to the viscerocranium developing by intramembranous ossification?
The mandible has Meckel’s cartilage within it. Formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Inferior nasal concha is formed by endochondral ossification
34
Describe the zygomatic bone
Bilateral - 2 paired bones Temporal process of zygomatic bone articulates with the zygomatic process of temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch - masseter attached here Deep to the zygomatic arch is the temporalis Forms the inferolateral margin of the orbit Articulates with the maxilla medially, frontal bone superiorly and temporal bone posteriorly
35
Describe the maxilla
Paired left and right bones Contains maxillary sinus Contains alveolar process where roots of teeth are held Forms part of the inferior medial part of the orbit, lateral borders of the nasal cavity, boundaries to the infratemporal fossa Consists of a body and 4 bony processes - zygomatic, frontal, palatine, alveolar
36
What is the maxillary sinus lined with?
Respiratory mucosa
37
Why is the maxillary sinus clinically important?
Sinusitis The roots of maxillary teeth can sometimes if abscess or bad extraction go into the sinus
38
Describe the palatine bone
2 paired bones Forms the hard palate with the maxilla Horizontal part of palatine forms the posterior aspect of the hard palate Perpendicular plate forms part of the vertical and lateral wall of the nasal cavity Has pyramidal, orbital and sphenoid all processes
39
Describe the vomer
1 unpaired bone Posterior inferior part of the nasal septum Articulates with the perpendicular plate of ethmoid Found in the mid sagittal line Free border at the back responsible for separating the posterior nasal apertures Articular with the sphenoid, maxilla, nasal septal cartilage and palatine bones
40
Describe the inferior nasal concha
Lined with mucosal membrane to increase SA for air to be in contact with the mucosa to help moisten and clean air more efficiently. Most inferior concha Inferior turbinate bone
41
Describe the nasal bones
Bilateral and paired Makes bridge of nose Inferior portion forms the superior margin of the nasal aperture
42
Describe the lacrimal bones
Bilateral and paired Small thin and fragile Medial wall of the orbit Contains the naso-lacrimal duct in the lacrimal groove where tears leave the orbit and are funnelled into the nasal caviry
43
Describe the mandible
Unpaired by does form as 2 joining together at the mandibular symphysis Lower jaw articulates with the temporal bone at TMJ Alveolar processes Attachment for muscles of mastication (all) and muscles of floor of mouth Important foramina for neurovascular structures
44
What are the most commonly broken bones of the face?
Nasal bones Zygomatic is commonly fracture too due to punches to the face (left more common)
45
What is the Le Fort fracture scale?
Fractures of the mid face, involving separation of all or some of the facial bones
46
What must happen for the viscerocranium to be separated from the skull base?
Pterygoid plates of sphenoid need to be involved as these connect the mid face to the sphenoid This is called the pterygomaxillary separation
47
Type I Le Fort fracture
Horizontal maxillary fracture: - separating teeth from upper face - fracture line passes through alveolar ridge
48
Type II Le Fort fracture
Pyramidal: - fracture passes through lateral walls of the maxillary sinus and affects the orbit and nasal bone - can pass through nasofrontal suture
49
Type III Le Fort fracture
Transverse: - complete separation of viscerocranium from cranial base - whole maxilla, zygomatic bones and orbits separated from neurocranium - danger of CSF leakage though nasal cavity

CFB (34 decks)

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