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Advanced Anatomy > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Bone

A
  • Structure
  • Assist Movement
  • Protection
  • Blood cell production
  • Mineral Storage
  • Energy Storage
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2
Q

Classification of Bones

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid
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3
Q

Long Bone

A
  • Hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure, and mobility
  • Longer than wide
  • Most bones of the appendicular skeleton
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4
Q

Short Bone

A
  • As wide as they are long
  • Primary function is to provide support and stability with little to no movement
  • Carpals and tarsals (that all?)
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5
Q

Flat Bone

A
  • Principal function is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment
  • Parietal, frontal, occipital, ribs, sternum (that all?)
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6
Q

Irregular Bone

A
  • Bones that don’t fit into the other categories

- Ethmoid, sphenoid, vertebrae, pelvic bones (that all?)

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7
Q

Sesamoid Bone

A
  • Bone embedded in a tendon

- Patella, pisiform, big toe, thumb (that all?)

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8
Q

Diaphysis

A
  • Shaft of long bone
  • Outer surface is lined by periosteum
  • Lined by the endosteum on the inside
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9
Q

Epiphysis

A
  • Articulating ends of long bone
  • Outer surface is cortical (compact or lamellar) bone
  • Inner surface is spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone
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10
Q

Metaphysis

A
  • Portion between the shaft and the wide parts of the ends

- Corresponds to the area of the epiphyseal line in ossified bone

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11
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A
  • Responsible for longitudinal growth
  • A hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone
  • Plate is found in children and adolescents
  • The plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line in adults
  • Usually closes by 25th year
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12
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Lines the outer surface of the diaphysis, except the articular surface, points of ligament/tendon insertion, and surface of sesamoid bones
  • Made up of 2 layers:
    - Inner reproductive layer (stratum osteogeneticum)
    - Outer fibrous layer (stratum fibrosum)
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13
Q

Functions of the Periosteum

A
  • Nutrition: ?
  • Protection: ?
  • Growth: responsible for diametric growth and critical for callus formation after a fracture
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14
Q

Osteon

A

The basic unit of structure in compact bone

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15
Q

Structure of an Osteon

A
  • Lamellae
  • Central (Haversian) canal
  • Perforating canals
  • Lacuna
  • Canaliculi
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16
Q

Lamella

A
  • Concentric rings that runs parallel to the long axis of the bone
17
Q

Central (Haversian) Canal

A
  • Runs through the core of osteon, parallel to long axis of the bone
  • Contains nerves, arterioles, and venules
18
Q

Perforating Canal

A
  • Connects the central canals

- Contains nerves, arterioles, and venules?

19
Q

Lacuna

A

?

- The space withing lamella that contains osteocytes (mature bone cells)

20
Q

Canaliculi

A
  • Tiny canals which interconnect lacunae

- They provide a pathway for nutrients to diffuse from the central canal to osteocytes within their own osteon

21
Q

Osteoblast

A

Young bone-forming cells that cause the hard extracellular matrix of bone to develop

22
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature bone cells that maintain the structure of bone

23
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone-dissolving cells

24
Q

Compact Bone

A
  • AKA cortical or lamellar bone
  • Hard, dense bone
  • Made up of the Haversian system, in concentric layers
  • Forms the surface of all bones
  • Forms the shaft of long bones
25
Q

Spongy Bone

A
  • AKA cancellous or trabecular bone
  • Lamellae are not arranged in concentric layers
    Lamellae are arrange in lines that correspond with the lines of maximal stress
  • Contains red bone marrow, responsible for red blood cell production
26
Q

Fontanels

A
  • 6 fibrous membranes that form the “soft spots” on a babies skull
  • Allows the skull to deform during birth
27
Q

Anterior (Frontal) Fontanel

A
  • Between the 2 parietal bones

- Largest and last to close (18-24 months)

28
Q

Posterior (Occipital) Fontanel

A
  • Between the 2 parietal and occipital bone

- Closes in about 2 months

29
Q

Anterolateral (Sphenoidal) Fontanel

A

Usually closes by about 3 months

30
Q

Posterolateral (Mastoid) Fontanel

A

Usually closes by about 12 months

31
Q

Bones of the Orbit

A

7 bones:

  • Sphenoid
  • Lacrimal
  • Zygomatic
  • Frontal
  • Maxilla
  • Palatine
  • Ethmoid
32
Q

Angle of Inclination

A
  • The angle formed between the femoral neck and femoral shaft in the frontal plane
  • Normal: ~ 125 degrees in an adult, ~ 120 in elderly
33
Q

Coxa Varum

A

Angle of Inclination of < 120 degrees

34
Q

Coxa Valgum

A

Angle of Inclination of > 135 degrees

35
Q

Angle of Torsion

A
  • The angle formed between the femoral neck and femoral shaft in the transverse plane
  • Normal: ~ 15 degrees in adults
  • Head and neck of femur rotate outward from shaft of femur
36
Q

Femoral Anteversion

A
  • Torsion angle > 15 degrees
  • Possible cause of pigeon toe
  • Also causes winking patella
37
Q

Femoral Retroversion

A
  • Torsion angle < 15 degrees

- Possible cause of duck walk

Advanced Anatomy (25 decks)

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