Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DT 1 Test 1 > Bones 1 > Flashcards

Bones 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What cells have RANK ligand?

A

Osteoblasts and marrow stoma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is the RANK receptor located?

A

Osteoclasts precursor

Allows OC generation and survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the M-CSF pathway

A

M-CSF secreted by OB

Receptor located on OC, allows OC generation and survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the WNT/B-catenin pathway?

A

WNT from marrow stomal cells binds LRP5 and 6 receptor on OB

Secretes OPG that blocks RANK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What substances make up bone?

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite

Organic matrix, mostly Type 1 Collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two main types of bone?

A

Woven bone- random collagen deposition

Lamellar bone - ordered collagen deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is osteopontin?

A

Unique to bone, levels parallel to osteoblast activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is alkaline phosphatase?

A

From osteoblasts

But also located in liver and placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the characteristics of woven bone?

A

Rapid bone growth - e.g. healing fracture

Resists forces in all directions

Always pathologic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the characteristics of lamellar bone?

A

Ordered collagen deposition

Replaces woven bone

Stronger than woven bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Process of bone formation, direct from mesenchyme

Appositional growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is dysostosis?

A

Local problems in migration of mesenchyme and their condensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Global defect in regulation of skeletal organogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the symptoms of Cleidocranial dysplasia?

A

Short stature

Abnormal clavicles

Supernumery teeth

Wormian bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the cause of cleidocranial dysplasia?

A

RUNX2 transcription factor defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the cause of achondroplasia?

A

FGFR3 point mutation, GoF mutation that inhibits cartilage growth

90% results from point mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

If achondroplasia is hereditary, what is its inheritance pattern?

A

Autosomal dominant

Most common from paternal allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the symptoms of achondroplasia?

A

Short stature

Short proximal limbs

Enlarged head with bulging forehead

Normal longeivity, intelligence, and reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the cause of thanatophoric dwarfism?

A

FGFR3 mutation, GoF

Most common lethal dwarfism

“Cloverleaf” skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is osteopetrosis?

A

Diffuse systemic bone sclerosis

“Marble bone disease”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the possible causes of osteopetrosis?

A

Reduced osteoclast bone resorption, cannot acidify pit

Defect in RANKL - not enough OC activity

LRP5 GoF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the signs of osteopetrosis?

A

Bone deposition replaces medullary cavity

Bulbous long bones - erlenmyer flask deformity

Narrow neural foramina

Brittle bones

23
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Group 1 type 1 collagen diseases

Brittle bone disease

*can be confused with child abuse

24
Q

What is the most common type of osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Autsomal dominant

25
Q

What are the signs of osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Blue sclera

Dentinogenesis imperfeta

Hearing loss - abnormal ear bone

Joint laxity

Normal lifespan

26
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Increased bone porosity and decreased mass

Can be from disuse or metabolic

27
Q

Why is X-ray not sensistive for osteoporosis?

A

Can only detect only after 30-40% of bone loss

28
Q

What is the difference between osteopenia and osteoporosis?

A

Osteopenia - decrease in bone mass

Osteoporosis- osteopenia to the point of risk of fracture

29
Q

What is senile osteoporosis?

A

Mostly hereditary determined by Vit D receptor

Slow decrease in bone mass over time

Cortex thinned on all surfaces

Low turnover

30
Q

What is the cause of postmenopausal osteoporosis?

A

Decreased estrogen leads to increased inflammatory cytokines

High turnover form

31
Q

What is osteitis fibrosa cystica?

A

Severe form of hyperparathyroidism

Increased activity OC>OB

32
Q

What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Adenoma

33
Q

How is the skeleton affected in hyperparathyroidism?

A

Subperiosteal resorption thins cortices

Loss of lamina dura around teeth

Affects entire skeleton

34
Q

What are the characteristic x-ray findings of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Bone loss radial aspect of middle phalanges of index and middle finger

Osteopenia

35
Q

What are brown tumors?

A

Bone replaced by fibrovascular tissue

Granulation tissue and hemosiderin

Characteristic of hyperparathyroidism

36
Q

What are the symptoms of renal osteodystrophy?

A

Increased or decreased OC/OB activity

Hyperparathyroidism (secondary)

Decreased Vit D converstion

Metabolic acidosis: incrased calcium

37
Q

What demographic does Paget disease affect?

A

Mid adulthood caucasians from US, Europe

38
Q

What are the stages of Paget disese?

A

OSteolytic - loss of bone mass

Mixed - osteolytic and osteoblastic

Osteosclerotic - coarse thick irregular trabeculae

39
Q

What characteristic xray finding is associated with early-stage paget’s disaese?

A

Blade of grass lesion

40
Q

How does Paget disease present?

A

Pain from microfactures

Increased alkaline phosphatase

Normal Ca/PO4

Warm skin over affected bone

Tumors

41
Q

How is Paget disease treated?

A

Calcitonin and biphosphonates

42
Q

What is osteonecrosis?

A

Infarction of bone and marrow

Mechanisms that create ischemia

43
Q

What is the most common cause of osteonecrosis?

A

Coritcosteroids

44
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

Inflammation of the bone almost always from infection

45
Q

What is the classic x-ray for osteomyeltitis?

A

Lytic bone lesion with surrounding sclerosis

46
Q

What is the most common causitive bacteria if an osteomyeltitis culture is positive?

A

S. aureus

47
Q

What is the common location of pyogenic osteomyelitis in a neonate, child, and adult?

A

Neonate - metaphysis and/or epiphysis

Children - metaphysis

Adualt - epiphysis and subchondral bone

48
Q

What is a sequestrum?

A

Dead piece of bone

49
Q

How many cases of osteomyeltitis become chronic osteomyelitis and why?

A

5-25%

Hard to reach area with antibiotics

50
Q

What is the most common skin cancer associated with osteomyelitis?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

51
Q

What is the most common form of TB osteomyelitis?

A

Potts disease

52
Q

What is Potts disease?

A

L/T spine

Break through dics to other vertebrae

Involve two vertebrae

53
Q

What are the characteristic findings of syphilis of the bone?

A

Saddle nose - collapsed nose

Saber shin - tibia

DT 1 Test 1 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions