Bone Healing

Question 1

The _____ _____ marks the transition from cartilage to bone, serving as the initial site of bone formation outside the primary ossification center.

Answer 1

periosteal collar

Question 2

Secondary ossification centers are located in the ______ of long bones.

Answer 2

epiphyses

Question 3

What are the requirements for normal primary bone healing?

Answer 3

1. Adequate vascular supply
2. Stable fracture ends
3. Normal Nourishment
4. Rigid immobilization
5. No displacement

Question 4

Bone is comprised of two types of tissue

Answer 4

Question 5

Compact bone provides the necessary strength to withstand ____, _____, and _____ forces.

Answer 5

compressive, bending, rotational

Question 6

The osteon (Haversian system) is mainly composed of which material?

Answer 6

calcium hydroxyapatite and type 1 collagen

Question 7

What type of bone is located predominantly within the ends of long bones?

Answer 7

spongy bone

Question 8

What is the name of the cell type which is responsible for new bone growth?

Answer 8

osteoprogenitor cells (which are derived from mesenchymal stem cells)

Question 9

____ are the “bone builders” which are responsible for bone formation by secreting ____.

Answer 9

Osteoblasts, osteoid

Question 10

As the osteoid calcifies, the osteoblast becomes trapped and matures into this cell type

Answer 10

osteocyte

Question 11

This bone cell type is responsible for bone resorption

Answer 11

osteoclasts

Question 12

This type of bone healing occurs when there is anatomic alignment and rigid fixation preventing motion at the bone ends

Answer 12

Primary bone healing (direct healing)

Question 13

This type of bone healing requires an additional step in the healing cascade

Answer 13

Gap healing

Question 14

When there is a gap between bone ends (800 microns to 1 mm) there is a response of _____ bone filling the void ____ to the long axis of the bone instead of longitudinally.

Answer 14

lamellar; perpendicular

Question 15

This is the more common method of bone healing

Answer 15

Secondary bone healing (indirect healing)

Question 16

This type of bone healing doesn’t require an anatomic reduction and is enhanced by micro-motion and axial loading via weight bearing

Answer 16

secondary bone healing (indirect healing)

Question 17

_____ ossification involves the formation of bone from a cartilage template

Answer 17

endochondral

Question 18

______ ossification involves the direct differentiation of mesenchymal cells into bone-forming cells within a connective tissue membrane

Answer 18

intramembranous

Question 19

This type of nonunion bone healing is associated with no circulation and lack of callus formation.

Answer 19

avascular/atrophic

Question 20

“___ ____” nonunion typically refers to hypertrophic nonunion

Answer 20

Elephant foot

Question 21

______ nonunion is characterized by excessive callus formation at the fracture site. It often appears bulky and irregular, resembling the foot of an elephant

Answer 21

Hypertrophic

Question 22

“___ ___” nonunion is a term used to describe atrophic nonunion

Answer 22

Horse’s hoof

Question 23

____ nonunion is characterized by the absence of callus formation and poor bone healing activity at the fracture site.

Answer 23

Atrophic