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REPOSITORY - Oral Biology > Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 2 types of bone?

A

cortical, compact bone and cancellous, spongy bone

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2
Q

where is the cortical bone?

A

it is the dense outer plate

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3
Q

where is the cancellous bone?

A

it is the internal trabecular scaffolding

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4
Q

what is the alveolar bone structure like?

A

cortical bone which has nutrient canals containing blood vessels

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5
Q

what is the cortical bone lining of the alveolar bone penetrated by?

A

bundles of collagen fibres of PDL

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6
Q

what does the inorganic component of bone consist of?

A

hydroxyapatite

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7
Q

what does the organic component of bone consist of?

A

collagen, glycoproteins, proteoglycans

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8
Q

what is ground substance

A

semi fluid gel made of long polysaccharide molecules and glycos-amino-glycans

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9
Q

which types of GAGs make up the ground substance?

A

hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans

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10
Q

what are the proteoglycans in bone?

A

chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate, heparan sulphate, keratan sulphate

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11
Q

what is the function of the fibres in the extracellular matrix?

A

to reinforce extracellular ground substance

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12
Q

what types of fibres are found in the ECM?

A

collagen, elastin and other non-collagenous proteins

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13
Q

microscopically, what are the different types of bone (not cortical/cancellous)

A

woven and lamellar

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14
Q

what is woven bone and where is it present?

A

irregular deposition of collagen present in foetus and fracture repairs

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15
Q

what type of cell does woven bone have many of?

A

osteocytes

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16
Q

which type of bone is rapidly laid down?

A

woven bone

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17
Q

what is lamellar bone and where is it present

A

collagen fibres laid down in parallel in adults

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18
Q

what type of bone is laid more slowly?

A

lamellar bone

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19
Q

what type of bone contains fewer osteocytes?

A

lamellar bone

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20
Q

what type of structure is compact bone laid down in?

A

concentric lamellae which forms longitudinal columns

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21
Q

what type of system is compact bone organised in?

A

haversian systems around a central haversian canal

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22
Q

what type of canals link the Hversian canals?

A

Volkmans canals

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23
Q

what do the canals contain

A

blood vessels

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24
Q

what are Haversian systems also called?

A

osteons

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25
Q

what does an osteon look like?

A

central small lacunae with radiating canaliculi (small canals)

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26
Q

what is cancellous bone

A

a network of thin trabeculae

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27
Q

what do trabeculae consist of?

A

lamellae

28
Q

does cancellous bone have a Haversian system?

A

no

29
Q

instead of having a Haversian system how do nutrients get about cancellous bone?

A

the bone is thin so the nutrients can diffuse in

30
Q

what is present between trabeculae?

A

bone marrow

31
Q

where do osteoblasts lie?

A

on surface of bone

32
Q

what are osteoblasts derived from

A

mesenchymal stem cells

33
Q

what do osteoblasts do?

A

synthesise and secrete collagen fibres forming a matrix

34
Q

what is the matrix secreted by osteoblasts mineralised by?

A

calcium salts

35
Q

what are osteocytes

A

osteoblasts which are trapped in mineralised bone

36
Q

where do osteocytes lie?

A

in spaces (lacunae)

37
Q

how do osteocytes contact each other?

A

via cytoplasmic processes that run in canaliculi

38
Q

what are osteoclasts?

A

large multinucleated cells derived from haemopoietic stem cells

39
Q

what do osteoclasts do?

A

resorb bone

40
Q

where do osteoclasts lie?

A

in concavities in the bone - Howships lacunae

41
Q

what is bone remodelling

A

removal and replacement of bone tissue without change in overall shape

42
Q

what percentage of cortical bone is replaced per year?

A

2%

43
Q

what percentage of cancellous bone is replaced per year?

A

25%

44
Q

what is bone remodelling controlled by?

A

osteoblasts

45
Q

what is bone remodelling regulated by?

A

hormones (PTH, calcitonin), paracrines (cytokines)

46
Q

how does bone turnover work?

A

PTH secretes collagenase and osteoclasts to start the process of bone resorption, osteoblasts produce osteoids whilst this is occurring

47
Q

what is a reversal line?

A

scalloped edge which shows where bone resorption changes to bone deposition

48
Q

what does tooth movement require?

A

remodelling of adjacent soft and hard tissues

49
Q

when does tooth movement take place?

A

during eruption, post-eruptive (mesial drift), orthodontic forces

50
Q

what is cartilage?

A

semi-rigid unmineralised connective tissue

51
Q

what type of matrix does cartilage have?

A

a similar one to bone consisting of ground substance and fibres

52
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage and elastic cartilage

53
Q

give examples of where hyaline cartilage is present

A

larynx, nasal septum, trachea

54
Q

give examples of where fibrocartilage is present

A

intervertebral discs

55
Q

give examples of where elastic cartilage is present

A

external ear, epiglottis

56
Q

what are cartilage cells formed by?

A

chondroblasts

57
Q

what do chondroblasts become once they get trapped in cartilage matrix?

A

chrondrocytes

58
Q

what do chondrocytes contain?

A

stores of lipid and glycogen

59
Q

what are the 2 types of bone growth?

A

endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification

60
Q

which type of bones use endochondral ossification

A

long bones of which cartilage had been laid down as a precursor

61
Q

which type of bones use intramembranous ossification?

A

flat bones with no cartilage precursor

62
Q

where does cartilage proliferation and growth occur?

A

at the epiphyses

63
Q

which type of ossification does the spheno-occipital bone have?

A

both as it is the face of the skull so it does not have flexibility of the parietal, frontal and occipital bone

64
Q

what type of ossification is affected by achondroplasia?

A

endochondral

65
Q

which type of ossification does the condyle have?

A

endochondral as it changes shape from birth to elderly

66
Q

why does the angular process of the mandible change shape?

A

because it needs teeth to maintain shape and if teeth are lost the bone will resorb

REPOSITORY - Oral Biology (13 decks)

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