BONE Flashcards

1
Q

What are ostoblasts and where are they located?

A

bone forming cells. always on the surface.

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2
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

to maintain the bone matrix in mature bone

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3
Q

What color does the bone matrix stain with H&E?

A

acidophilic

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4
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

bone resorbing/digesting cells

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5
Q

What is the general process of intramembranous ossification?

A

mesenchymal cells –> osteoblasts –> osteoblasts form bone

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6
Q

What is the general process of endochondral ossification?

A

mesenchymal cells –> chondroblasts/chondrocytes –> calcification and death of chondrocytes –> osteoblasts form new bone on calcified matrix

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7
Q

Is cartilage tissue vascular or avascular?

A

avascular

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8
Q

how do cartilage cells recieve nutrients?

A

diffusion through the hydrated matrix (lots of proteoglycans!)

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9
Q

What is the best indicator that a long bone has attained its full length?

A

the disappearance/ossification of the growth plate

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10
Q

What are the 3 steps of an increase in the length of bone?

A
  1. Intersitial growth (new chondrocytes)
  2. calcification/death of newly made chondrocytes. Dead cartilage pushed into metaphysis
  3. Ossification of calcified cartilage in metaphysis
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11
Q

What are the zones of changes in the growth plate?

A
  1. Zone of resting cartilage cells
  2. Zone of proliferation
  3. Zone of hypertrophy
  4. Zone of calcification
  5. Zone of ossification
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12
Q

Explain the zone of resting cartilage cells

A

no morphologic changes in chonrodytes. Some cells proliferate and provide new cells below.

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13
Q

Explain the zone of proliferation

A

proliferation = pancakes!
prolfierated chondrocytes form columns of stacked cells

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14
Q

Explain the zone of hypertrophy

A

contains large chondrocytes. Nuclei within cells.

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15
Q

Explain the zone of calcification

A

Chondrocytes die, nuclei gone. provide scaffolding.

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16
Q

Explain the zone of ossification

A

mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts. newly formed osteoblasts begin to deposit bone on calcified cartilage

17
Q

What is another word for the zone of ossification?

A

metaphysis

18
Q

What is appositional growth of bones?

A

increase in width of bones

19
Q

How do bones achieve appositional growth?

A

mesenchymal cells present in the inner layer of periosteum multiply and differentiate into osteoblasts

20
Q

List the steps involved in an increase in the width of long bones

A

Periosteum –> differentitation of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts –> osteoblasts form bone on surface –> osteoclasts remodel bone

21
Q

Identify the cell

22
Q

A. Identify the cell within the dotted area.
B. List one function associated with this cell.
C. Identify the cell indicated by the arrows.

A

A. Osteoclast.
B. Bone resorption.
C. Osteocyte (it is within the bone)

23
Q

A. Identify the structure
B. identify the tissue

A

A. Periosteum
B. Bone

24
Q

A. Identify the cell
B. Identify the cell

A

A. Osteoblast
B. Osteocyte

25
A. Identify the cell within dotted circles. B. List one function for the cell shown in dotted circles. C. Identify the cell.
A. Osteoclast. B. Bone resorption. C. Osteocyte.
26
A. Identify the structure shown within the dotted circle. B. Identify the structure indicated by the arrow; C. What does it contain in a living tissue?
A. Haversian system (or Osteon). B. Central canal. C. Nervous tissue, loose CT, blood vessels
27
A. Identify the structure. B. Identify the cell C. Identify the structure shown within the dotted circle.
A. Canaliculi. B. Osteocyte. C. Central canal.
28
Identify A, B, and C
A. Outer fibrous CT layer of periosteum. B. Periosteum. C. Inner cellular (mesenchymal) layer of periosteum.
29
A. Sturcture? B. Tissue? C. Structure? D. Tissue?
A. Articular cartilage. B. Hyaline cartilage. C. Growth plate (physis). D. Hyaline cartilage.
30
Identify the zones
A. Zone of resting cells. B. Zone of proliferation. C. Zone of hypertrophy. D. Zone of calcification. E. Zone of ossification.
31
A. Tissue? B. Tissue?
A. Cartilage. B. Bone.
32
A. Identify the cell. B. Identify the cell. C. What substance is responsible for basophilia in this tissue?
A. Osteoblasts. B. Osteocytes. C. GAG or proteoglycans (abundant in cartilage).
33
The **??** (structural name) lines the bone marrow spaces and trabeculae of spongy bone. It is composed of a single layer of cells that include **??** , osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and a small amount of connective tissue.
Endosteum and mesenchymal cells.
34
The **??** and **??** are a source of new bone-forming cells and are described as possessing osteogenic potential
Endosteum and periosteum