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HISTOLOGY > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Main function of blood?

A

Transport
Nutrients and gases (Oxygen and CO2)
Waste, platelets, etc

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2
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

RBCs (erythrocytes)
WBCs (leukocytes)
Platelets

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3
Q

What are the 2 components of blood?

A

Formed elements
Plasma

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes
Mononuclear cells (or Agranulocytes)

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of mononuclear cells (aka agranulocytes)?

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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7
Q

How do you identify a Neutrophil?

A

They are the most abundant WBC
They have poor staining affinity
Have segmented nuclei (band in the immature cells)

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8
Q

What are the fxns of neutrophils?

A

To respond quickly to infections
To phagocytize bacterial and tissue debris
To release chemotactic factors

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9
Q

When might you see an increase in band neutrophils?

A

acute inflammation = lots of neutophils in the tissue phagocytizing debris

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10
Q

How can you recognize an eosinophil?

A

they have red granules and segmented nuclei

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11
Q

What is special about eosinophils in a horse?

A

they are large and prominent

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12
Q

What is special about eosinophils in a cat?

A

they are rod-like

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13
Q

Functions of eosinophils?

A

Phagocytic
Inhibition of the release of histamine
Inactivation of histamine and serotonin

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14
Q

When will you see an increase in eosinophils?

A

Parasites and acute allergies

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15
Q

How do you recognize basophils?

A

strongly basophilic granules
segemented nucleus

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16
Q

What are the functions of basophils

A

chronic allergic and non-allergic inflammatory reactions

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17
Q

How do you recognize lymphocytes?

A

they are larger than RBCs
minimal cytoplasm
large, round-ish, basophilic nucleus

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18
Q

When do you see an increase in lymphocytes?

A

chronic and viral infections/chronic inflammation

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19
Q

When do you see an increase of monocytes?

A

during phagocytosis for the removal of debris

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20
Q

fuction of B-lymphocytes?

A

for humoral immunity

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21
Q

Where to B-cells develop?

A

Bone marrow

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22
Q

What do B-cells turn into when they migrate into lymph organs and into loose CT?

A

plasma cells (which secrete Abs)

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23
Q

do B-cells phagocytize?

A

Yes!

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24
Q

What is the function of T-lymphocytes?

A

cell-mediated immunity

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25
Q

Where do T-cells develop?

A

Thymus

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26
Q

What do T-cells do?

A

reject foreign materials, attack neoplastic cells, viral infected cells and and macrophages containing undigested material

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27
Q

Do T-cells phagocytize?

A

A limited amount

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28
Q

How can you tell the difference between T and B cells on a blood smear?

A

You cannot

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29
Q

How can you identify a monocyte?

A

elongated pleomorphic nucleus
largest WBC
foamy cytoplasm

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30
Q

Function of monocytes

A

highly phagocytic
may also become antigen presenting cells

31
Q

Define leukocytosis

A

increase of leukocytes

32
Q

define leukocytopenia

A

lack of or deficiency of leukocytes

33
Q

Tissue damage causes ? cells to release ?

A

mast cells
histamine

34
Q

what does the release of histamine cause?

A

vasodilation –> increased blood flow to area
increase in permeability to capillaries –> fluid escapes into extravascular compartement –> edema
coagulation factors released for clotting and first stage of wound healing

35
Q

Describe an erythrocyte (RBC)

A

biconcave round disc
non-nucleated (except in avian, fish and reptiles)

36
Q

What is the significance of the biconcave round disc shape of an RBC?

A

increases efficiency of the RBCs which facilitates gas exchange

37
Q

What is poikilocytosis?

A

abnormal shape/size of RBCs

38
Q

what is the name of the thinner area of the RBCs?

A

the central pallor

39
Q

What is a distinguishing factor of a bovine RBC?

A

less biconcave
common to have different sizes (other species tend to have uniform sizes)

40
Q

What is a distinguishing factor of a camelid (llama) RBC?

A

elliptical shape

41
Q

What is a distinguishing factor of an avian RBC?

A

nucleated RBCs

42
Q

Define hemolysis

A

bursting (rupture) of RBCs

43
Q

Define crenation

A

shrinking of blood cells

44
Q

how can you distinguish a nRBC from a lymphocyte?

A

nRBCs have a darker staining of the nucleus and cytoplasm

45
Q

What is a rouleaux? In what animal is this normal?

A

a stacking of RBCs.
normal in horses

46
Q

What is associated with a rouleaux?

A

associated with an increase of serum proteins

47
Q

What causes hemolysis?

A

mechanical cell trauma
hypotonic solution
oxidative injury
immune injury

48
Q

what causes crenation?

A

hypertonic solution
also a common processing artifact

49
Q

Significance of nucleated RBCs? possible indications?

A

almost always abnormal.
possible indications of severe anemia, boen marrow injury, lead poisoning

50
Q

Define anisocytosis

A

variation in RBC size

51
Q

What is a target cell?

A

RBC with excess membrane vs cytoplams with centrally located hemoglobin

52
Q

What are platelets (aka thrombocytes)

A

anuclear cell fragments in mammals

53
Q

How can you identify platelets?

A

pale blue cytoplasm
often seen in clusters

54
Q

Functions of platelets?

A

blood coagulation- play a vital role in hemostasis
adhere to injured epithelial cells
release coagulation initiators and clot contractile proteins
form thrombi and emboli
release chemotactic factors and vasoactive amines

55
Q

What are the sites of postnatal hemopoesis?

A

bone marrow, spleen, thymus

56
Q

Define myeloid hematopoesis

A

hematopoeis within the bone marrow

57
Q

define extramedullary hematopoesis

A

hematopoesis when it is outside of the bone marrow (in spleen or thymus)

58
Q

What are the 2 regions of bone marrow

A
  1. hemopoetic compartment (or extravascular cmpt)
  2. vascular compartment
59
Q

The ? compartments lie between the ? compartments in bone marrow?

A

hemopoetic
vascular

60
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

an RBC that just kicked out its nucleus

61
Q

What is a polychromatophil, how can you recognize it?

A

an immature RBC that has lost its nucleus but does not have a good central pallor stains to be slightly more basophilic than more mature RBCs

62
Q

Where are megakaryocytes produced?

A

liver, kidney, spleen, bone marrow

63
Q

Where are megakaryocytes stored?

A

in bone marrow

64
Q

What is the function of megakaryocytes?

A

to produce platelets in their cytoplasm while in the bone marrow

65
Q

What stimulates the release of platelets?

A

Thrombopoietin release from the kidney stimulates megakaryocytes to release platelets into the bloodstream from the bone marrow

66
Q

Where are B-cells stored?

A

bone marrow

67
Q

Where are T-cells stored

A

the thymus

68
Q

Where are lymphoid stem cells located?

A

the bone marrow

69
Q

What it the process for the removal of formed elements from the tissues when their life span is complete?

A

they are phagocytosed by macrophages

70
Q

what is anemia

A

low RBCs

71
Q

what is thrombocytopenia?

A

low platelets

72
Q

What are the 2 types of anemia

A
  1. Regenerative (due to body losing too much blood)
  2. Nonregenerative (due to an inability to create more RBCs)
73
Q

What does it mean to have a “left shift” on a cbc?

A

seeing more immature neutrophils compared to mature neutrophils

HISTOLOGY (14 decks)

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