Blood Flashcards by Haley Wyrick

Main function of blood?

Transport
Nutrients and gases (Oxygen and CO2)
Waste, platelets, etc

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What are the formed elements of blood?

RBCs (erythrocytes)
WBCs (leukocytes)
Platelets

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What are the 2 components of blood?

Formed elements
Plasma

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What are the 2 types of leukocytes?

Granulocytes
Mononuclear cells (or Agranulocytes)

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What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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What are the 2 types of mononuclear cells (aka agranulocytes)?

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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How do you identify a Neutrophil?

They are the most abundant WBC
They have poor staining affinity
Have segmented nuclei (band in the immature cells)

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What are the fxns of neutrophils?

To respond quickly to infections
To phagocytize bacterial and tissue debris
To release chemotactic factors

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When might you see an increase in band neutrophils?

acute inflammation = lots of neutophils in the tissue phagocytizing debris

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How can you recognize an eosinophil?

they have red granules and segmented nuclei

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What is special about eosinophils in a horse?

they are large and prominent

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What is special about eosinophils in a cat?

they are rod-like

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Functions of eosinophils?

Phagocytic
Inhibition of the release of histamine
Inactivation of histamine and serotonin

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When will you see an increase in eosinophils?

Parasites and acute allergies

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How do you recognize basophils?

strongly basophilic granules
segemented nucleus

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What are the functions of basophils

chronic allergic and non-allergic inflammatory reactions

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How do you recognize lymphocytes?

they are larger than RBCs
minimal cytoplasm
large, round-ish, basophilic nucleus

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When do you see an increase in lymphocytes?

chronic and viral infections/chronic inflammation

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When do you see an increase of monocytes?

during phagocytosis for the removal of debris

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fuction of B-lymphocytes?

for humoral immunity

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Where to B-cells develop?

Bone marrow

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What do B-cells turn into when they migrate into lymph organs and into loose CT?

plasma cells (which secrete Abs)

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do B-cells phagocytize?

Yes!

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What is the function of T-lymphocytes?

cell-mediated immunity

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Where do T-cells develop?

Thymus

What do T-cells do?

reject foreign materials, attack neoplastic cells, viral infected cells and and macrophages containing undigested material

Do T-cells phagocytize?

A limited amount

How can you tell the difference between T and B cells on a blood smear?

You cannot

How can you identify a monocyte?

elongated pleomorphic nucleus largest WBC foamy cytoplasm

Function of monocytes

highly phagocytic may also become antigen presenting cells

Define leukocytosis

increase of leukocytes

define leukocytopenia

lack of or deficiency of leukocytes

Tissue damage causes **?** cells to release **?**

mast cells histamine

what does the release of histamine cause?

vasodilation --> increased blood flow to area increase in permeability to capillaries --> fluid escapes into extravascular compartement --> edema coagulation factors released for clotting and first stage of wound healing

Describe an erythrocyte (RBC)

biconcave round disc non-nucleated (except in avian, fish and reptiles)

What is the significance of the biconcave round disc shape of an RBC?

increases efficiency of the RBCs which facilitates gas exchange

What is poikilocytosis?

abnormal shape/size of RBCs

what is the name of the thinner area of the RBCs?

the central pallor

What is a distinguishing factor of a bovine RBC?

less biconcave common to have different sizes (other species tend to have uniform sizes)

What is a distinguishing factor of a camelid (llama) RBC?

elliptical shape

What is a distinguishing factor of an avian RBC?

nucleated RBCs

Define hemolysis

bursting (rupture) of RBCs

Define crenation

shrinking of blood cells

how can you distinguish a nRBC from a lymphocyte?

nRBCs have a darker staining of the nucleus and cytoplasm

What is a rouleaux? In what animal is this normal?

a stacking of RBCs. normal in horses

What is associated with a rouleaux?

associated with an increase of serum proteins

What causes hemolysis?

mechanical cell trauma hypotonic solution oxidative injury immune injury

what causes crenation?

hypertonic solution also a common processing artifact

Significance of nucleated RBCs? possible indications?

almost always abnormal. possible indications of severe anemia, boen marrow injury, lead poisoning

Define anisocytosis

variation in RBC size

What is a target cell?

RBC with excess membrane vs cytoplams with centrally located hemoglobin

What are platelets (aka thrombocytes)

anuclear cell fragments in mammals

How can you identify platelets?

pale blue cytoplasm often seen in clusters

Functions of platelets?

blood coagulation- play a vital role in hemostasis adhere to injured epithelial cells release coagulation initiators and clot contractile proteins form thrombi and emboli release chemotactic factors and vasoactive amines

What are the sites of postnatal hemopoesis?

bone marrow, spleen, thymus

Define myeloid hematopoesis

hematopoeis within the bone marrow

define extramedullary hematopoesis

hematopoesis when it is outside of the bone marrow (in spleen or thymus)

What are the 2 regions of bone marrow

1. hemopoetic compartment (or extravascular cmpt) 2. vascular compartment

The **?** compartments lie between the **?** compartments in bone marrow?

hemopoetic vascular

What is a reticulocyte?

an RBC that just kicked out its nucleus

What is a polychromatophil, how can you recognize it?

an immature RBC that has lost its nucleus but does not have a good central pallor stains to be slightly more basophilic than more mature RBCs

Where are megakaryocytes produced?

liver, kidney, spleen, bone marrow

Where are megakaryocytes stored?

in bone marrow

What is the function of megakaryocytes?

to produce platelets in their cytoplasm while in the bone marrow

What stimulates the release of platelets?

Thrombopoietin release from the kidney stimulates megakaryocytes to release platelets into the bloodstream from the bone marrow

Where are B-cells stored?

bone marrow

Where are T-cells stored

the thymus

Where are lymphoid stem cells located?

the bone marrow

What it the process for the removal of formed elements from the tissues when their life span is complete?

they are phagocytosed by macrophages

what is anemia

low RBCs

what is thrombocytopenia?

low platelets

What are the 2 types of anemia

1. Regenerative (due to body losing too much blood) 2. Nonregenerative (due to an inability to create more RBCs)

What does it mean to have a "left shift" on a cbc?

seeing more immature neutrophils compared to mature neutrophils