Bonding, Stucture And The Properties Of Matter Flashcards
What are the three types of strong chemical bonds
Ionic bonding
covalent bonding
metallic bonding
When does ionic bonding occur
Ionic bonding occurs in compounds formed from metals combined with non-metals
When does covalent bonding occur
Covalent bonding occurs in most non-metallic elements and in compounds of non-metals
When does metallic bonding occur
Metallic bonding occurs in metallic elements and alloys 
For ionic bonding the particles are… 
Oppositely charged ions
For covalent bonding the particles are atoms which…
Share pairs of electrons
For metallic bonding the particles are atoms which…
Share delocalized electrons
What is an ionic compound
An ionic compound is a giant covalent structure of ions
How are ionic compounds held together
Ionic compounds are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
How do the forces act in ionic bonding
The forces act in all directions in the lattice (This is called ionic bonding)
What is electrostatic forces
Non-contact forces they pull or push on objects without touching them
What is ionic bonding
When a metal atom reacts with a nonmetal atoms and electrons in the outer shell of the metal atom are transferred.
Metals lose electrons to become positively charged ions and nonmetal atoms gain electrons to become negatively charged ions
What happens when atoms share pairs of electrons
they form a covalent bond these bonds between atoms are strong
Define oxidation
The Gaining of oxygen is called oxidation
Define reduction
The losing of oxygen is called reduction 
When metals react what happens to the electrons
When metals react they lose electrons and form a positive ion
What happens to a more reactive element when it reacts with a less reactive element
A more reactive element will push out (displace) a less reactive elements from its compound
What does AQ stand for
Aqueous Solution (Dissolved in water)
What are bases
Bases are chemicals which can neutralize acids producing a salt and water
What is the equation for naturalization
Hydrogen ion + hydroxide ion > water
H+. +. OH- > H2O
Bases that are soluble in water are called…
Alkalis
In aqueous solution what happens to the acid molecules
acid molecules ionise (split) and release H+
What happens to strong acids in aqueous solutions
Strong acids fully ionise (split and form H+) in aqueous solutions
Name three weak acids
Carbonic acid
Ethanonic acid
citric acid
Ionic compounds have a structure called 
Giant ionic lattices 
What are the functions of a giant ionic lattice
They have a strong elastic force of attraction in all directions between oppositely charged ions
What melting and boiling points do Ionic compounds have
They have a high melting points and a high boiling point because they are large amount of energy needed to break down many strong bonds
When metal are dissolved in water what happened to Ionic compounds
They conduct electricity because the ions are free to move so charge can flow
Name one ionic compound (Giant ionic lattice)
Sodium chloride
What are all particles represented as
Solid spheres 
What type of molecules does covalent bonding have
Covalently bonded substances consist of small molecules
What type of molecules does polymers have
A covalently bonded substance that has very large molecules
Name some giant covalent structures
Diamond
Silicon dioxide
Graphite
What do metals consist of
Metals consist of giant structures of atoms are arranged in a regular pattern
The electrons on the outer shell of metal atoms are what
Delocalized so are free to move through the whole structure
Substances that consist of small molecules are usually what
Gases or liquids that have a relatively low melting point and boiling point
Substances of small molecules consists of
Weak force between molecules (Intermolecular force)
The intermolecular forces increase with the size of the molecules what does this mean
Larger molecules have a high melting and boiling point
Substances that consist of small molecules do not conduct electricity why
The molecules do not have an overall electric charge
What are polymers
They are very large molecules the atom in the polymer molecules are linked to other atoms by strong covalent bonds the intermolecular forces between polymer molecules are relatively strong and theses substances are solid at room temperature
What do giant Covalent structures consist of
They are solids with very high melting points all the items in the structures are linked to other atoms by strong covalent bonds these bonds must overcome to melt or boil substances
Atoms are arranged in layers in pure metals what does this allow
It allows metals to be in Bend and shaped. pure metals are too soft for and are mixed with other metals to make alloys which are harder
Why are alloys harder than pure metals
Metal alloys are made up of different atoms, unlike pure metal, where the atoms are all the same. This makes it harder for the atoms to move around in metal alloys because they consist of different sizes of atoms, which is why they are typically much stronger and harder than pure metals. One example of an exceptionally strong alloy is stainless steel.
Why are metals good conductors of electricity
The delocalized electrons in the metal carry electric charge through the metals and metals are good conductors of thermal energy because the energy is transferred by the delocalized electrons
What is the structure of diamond
Diamond has carbon atoms that form 4 covalent bonds with carbon atoms in a Giant covalent structure so diamonds are very hard and has a very high melting points that does not conduct electricity
What happens to one electron in graphite
One electron from each carbon atom is delocalized
What’s the structure of graphite
In graphite, each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds with three other carbon atoms forming layers of hexagonal rings which have no covalent bonds between the layers
How is graphite similar to metals
They both have delocalized electrons
What is the structure of graphene
Graphene is a single layer of graphite
Explain the properties of graphene in terms of structure and bonding
Graphene has a very high melting point and is very strong because of its large regular arrangement of carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds . Like graphite, graphene conducts electricity well because it has delocalised electrons that are free to move through its structure.
What are fullerenes 
Fullerenes are molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes. the structure of fullerenes are hexagonal rings of carbon atoms but they may also contain rings with 5 or 7 carbon atoms
What was the first fullerene to be discovered
Buckminsterfullerene (c60) which has a spherical shape
What are carbon nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical fullerene with very high length to diameter ratio.
they are useful for nanotechnology electronics and materials.
What does pure mean
A substance made from one element or just one compound
