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CMA > Body Structures And Organ Systems > Flashcards

Body Structures And Organ Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Sagittal plane (planes of the body)

A

Divides the body into left and right sides

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2
Q

Transverse plane (planes of the body)

A

Divides the body into upper and lower sections

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3
Q

Frontal plane (planes of the body)

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections, also called Coronal plane

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4
Q

Axial skeleton (skeletal system)

A

Adult axial skeleton has 80 bones including the skull, vertebrae, and ribs

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5
Q

Appendicular skeleton (skeletal system)

A

Adult appendicular skeleton has 126 bones including arms, legs, and pelvic girdle

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6
Q

Ligament (skeletal system)

A

Attaches bone to bone for joint stability

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7
Q

Long bones (skeletal system)

A

Long bones have an epiphysis (end), diaphysis (central), and medullary cavity (bone marrow); ends are covered by articular cartilage to allow movement w/o friction.
Ex: femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius

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8
Q

Short bones (skeletal system)

A

Found in wrists and ankles, typically small and round. Ex: carpals, tarsals

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9
Q

Flat bones (skeletal system)

A

Majority of surface area is flat or slightly curved. Ex: skull, ribs

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10
Q

Irregular bones (skeletal system)

A

Unusual shape that is typically related to their function. Ex: vertebrae, pelvis

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11
Q

Sesamoid bones (skeletal system)

A

Small round bones found in joints that are held in place by tendons. Ex: patella

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12
Q

Skeletal muscle (muscular system)

A

Responsible for body movement Also called voluntary muscle or striated muscle

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13
Q

Smooth muscle (muscular system)

A

Found within the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, and in the iris of the eye. Also called involuntary muscle.

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14
Q

Cardiac muscle (muscular system)

A

Found only in the heart, cross-fibered to allow the heart to contract from the top and bottom in order to pump blood.

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15
Q

Tendon (muscular system)

A

End of skeletal muscles that attaches the muscle to a bone.

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16
Q

Lymph nodes (immune and lympatic system)

A

Produces and stores lymphocytes; home to macrophages that filter lymph.
Small glandular structures concentrated in the neck, axillary, and groin.

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17
Q

Lymph nodules (immune and lympatic system)

A

Masses of lymphoma tissue comprised of macrophages and lymphocytes.
Lymph nodules are not encapsulated like lymph nodes.

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18
Q

Thymus (immune and lympatic system)

A

Is responsible for the production and maturation of T-cells.
The thymus is large in children and atrophies (shrinks) after adolescence.
Located posterior to the sternum.

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19
Q

Spleen (immune and lympatic system)

A

Home to macrophages that filter blood.
Largest lymphoid organ
Left upper quadrant

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20
Q

Interstitial fluid (immune and lympatic system)

A

Tissue fluid found between cells. Once collected and filtered, it’s called lymph.

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21
Q

Antigen (immune and lympatic system)

A

Foreign substance within the body

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22
Q

Antibody (immune and lympatic system)

A

Protein the body creates in response to specific antigens.

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23
Q

Immunoglobins (immune and lympatic system)

A

Antibodies

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24
Q

B-cells (immune and lympatic system)

A

Type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and responds by turning into plasma cells which then create antibodies against specific antigens

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25
Q

T-cells (immune and lympatic system)

A

Type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and attaches to them to attack the invading cells directly.

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26
Q

Monocytes (immune and lympatic system)

A

Engulf and destroy pathogens that have been coagulated with antibodies.

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27
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity (types of immunity)

A

A person has an infectious disease and then develops antibodies against the pathogen. Antibodies have memory that prevents future infections by the same pathogen.

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28
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity (immune and lympatic system)

A

Is the result of administering a vaccine.

Antibodies are activated by the vaccine and develop memory to recognize the pathogen in the future

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29
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity (immune and lympatic system)

A

Short-lasting immunity passed from from mother to child through the placenta and breast milk.

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30
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity (immune and lympatic system)

A

Protection acquired by giving a person an injection or transfusion of antibodies made by someone else.
Short-lasting immunity

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31
Q

Heart (cardiovascular system)

A

Functions as a pump to move blood throughout the body. Located within the central part of the chest.

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32
Q

Artery/Arteriole (cardiovascular system)

A

Propels blood with each contraction of the heart and are associated with various pulse points. Thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Smaller branches are arterioles.

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33
Q

Vein/Venule (cardiovascular system)

A

Carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart and contains valves to prevent backflow.
They are thinner-walled than arteries. Smaller branches are called venules.

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34
Q

Capillary (cardiovascular system)

A

They aid in the exchange of oxygen and nutrients between blood and body cells.
Smallest blood vessels, which connect arterioles to venules.

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35
Q

Endocardium (cardiovascular system)

A

Innermost layer of cells that lines the atria, ventricles, and heart valves.

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36
Q

Myocardium (cardiovascular system)

A

Muscular layer of the heart

37
Q

Pericardium (cardiovascular system)

A

Outermost layer of the heart. A membrane that surround the heart and secretes pericardial fluid.

38
Q

Kidneys (urinary system)

A

Kidneys are responsible for removing waste from the blood and producing urine.
Located on each side of the vertebral column at the level of the top lumbar vertebrae.

39
Q

Ureters (urinary system)

A

Long tubes responsible for carrying urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

40
Q

Urinary bladder (urinary system)

A

Small muscular sac located within the pelvic cavity that is responsible for storing urine.

41
Q

Urethra (urinary system)

A

Tube responsible for carrying urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

42
Q

Mouth (gastrointestinal system)

A

Responsible for initiating digestion, both mechanical (chewing) and chemical (saliva)

43
Q

Pharynx (gastrointestinal system)

A

Throat or the passageway for food between the oral cavity and the esophagus.

44
Q

Esophagus (gastrointestinal system)

A

Muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach. Uses wave-like contractions called peristalsis to propel food into the stomach.

45
Q

Stomach (gastrointestinal system)

A

Receives food from esophagus and continues breakdown using gastric juices. Propels food to small intestine.
Located left upper quadrant

46
Q

Small intestine (gastrointestinal system)

A 
Takes up most of the space within the abdominal cavity, primarily responsible for absorption of nutrients. 
Divided into sections: 
-Duodenum,
-Jejunum
-Ileum
47
Q

Large intestine (gastrointestinal system)

A 
Also called colon, absorption is completed here, feces is formed from solid waste products
Divided into sections:
-Cecum: connects to ileum
-Ascending colon
-Transverse colon
-Descending colon
-Sigmoid colon
48
Q

Rectum (gastrointestinal system)

A

End of the colon that stores feces until defacation.

49
Q

Anus (gastrointestinal system)

A

End of rectum, opens to the outside if the body to allow for elimination of feces.

50
Q

Liver (gastrointestinal system)

A

Produces bile needed to breakdown fats.

Large organ located in the RUQ of the abdominal.

51
Q

Gall bladder (gastrointestinal system)

A

Stores bile and connects to duodenum.
Located right upper quadrant
Inferior to the liver

52
Q

Pancreas (gastrointestinal system)

A

Produces enzymes that aid with digestion.
Located left upper quadrant
Posterior to the stomach, and connects to duodenum.

53
Q

Nose (respiratory system)

A

Made of bones, cartilage, and skin.

Contains small hairs called cilia to prevent large particle from entering.

54
Q

Pharynx (respiratory system)

A

Air enters through the nose and mouth into the pharynx.

55
Q

Larynx (respiratory system)

A

Produces a person’s voice. Superior to the trachea.

56
Q

Trachea (respiratory system)

A

Called the windpipe, extends from larynx and branches into bronchi. Lined with cilia.

57
Q

Lungs (respiratory system)

A

Two cone shaped organs located in the chest, contains bronchi, alveoli, and many blood vessels. Right lung is larger and divided into 3 lobes, left lung has two lobes. Both lungs surrounded by a membrane called pleura.

58
Q

Brain (nervous system)

A

Coordinates most body activities, and is the control center for the body as well as thought, emotion, and judgement.
Divided into 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.

59
Q

Spinal cord (nervous system)

A

Provides a pathway for nerve impulses traveling to and from the brain, and extends from the base of the brain to the lumbar vertebrae through the vertebral column.

60
Q

Peripheral nerves (nervous system)

A

Carries nerve signals between the body and the brain.

Includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves branching off from the spinal cord.

61
Q

Neuron (nervous system)

A

Functional unit of the nervous system

62
Q

Dendrites (nervous system)

A

Multiple branching structures

63
Q

Nucleus (nervous system)

A

Directs cellular activities

64
Q

Cytoplasm (nervous system)

A

Produces neurotransmitters and energy for the neuron.

65
Q

Axon (nervous system)

A

Stores neurotransmitters

66
Q

Afferent nerve cells (nervous system)

A

Carries information about the body’s environment to the CNS, also called neurons.

67
Q

Efferent neurons (nervous system)

A

Carries responses from the CNS to the body to initiate action

68
Q

Testes (reproductive system)

A

Produce sperm and testosterone. Located below the pelvic cavity on the outside of the body, within the scrotum.

69
Q

Scrotum (reproductive system)

A

A pouch of skin that houses the testes

70
Q

Penis (reproductive system)

A

External cylinder-shaped organ that moves urine and semen out of the body.

71
Q

Epididymis (reproductive system)

A

Responsible for maturation of sperm cells.

Coiled tube located superior to each teste.

72
Q

Vas deferens (reproductive system)

A

Connects the epididymis to the urethra

73
Q

Seminal vesicles (reproductive system)

A

Sac-like organs that secrete seminal fluid.

This fluid stimulates muscle contractions in the female reproductive organs to aid in propelling sperm forward.

74
Q

Prostate gland (reproductive system)

A

Secretes fluid that protects the sperm within the vagina. Surrounds the proximal urethra, contracts during ejaculation to aid in forward movement of sperm.

75
Q

Bulbouretheral glands (reproductive system)

A

Secretes fluid to lubricate the end of the penis to prepare for intercourse. Inferior to the prostate gland.

76
Q

Androgens (reproductive system)

A

Group of male sex hormones

77
Q

Testosterone (reproductive system)

A

Most abundant and biologically active of male sex hormones

78
Q

Ovaries (reproductive system)

A

Produces ova (egg), estrogen, and progesterone. Pair of oval-shaped organs located within the pelvic cavity.

79
Q

Fallopian tubes (reproductive system)

A

Muscular tubes with proximal opening near each ovary, connects distally to uterus. Receives egg during ovulation.

80
Q

Uterus (reproductive system)

A

Hollow muscular organ, lies low in pelvic cavity. Receives fertilized egg, which implants into uterine wall for fetal development.

81
Q

Vagina (reproductive system)

A

Muscular tube extending from the uterus to the outside of the body. Expands during intercourse and childbirth.

82
Q

Labia majora (reproductive system)

A

Folds of skin and adipose tissue that protects other external female genitalia.

83
Q

Labia minora (reproductive system)

A

Folds of skins within the labia majora, pinkish in color due to high blood circulation, forms a hood over the clitoris.

84
Q

Clitoris (reproductive system)

A

Highly sensitive female erectile tissue located anterior to the urethra.

85
Q

Perineum (reproductive system)

A

Area between vagina and anus.

86
Q

Estrogen (reproductive system)

A

Group of female sex hormones

87
Q

Progesterone (reproductive system)

A

Female hormone secreted by ovaries

88
Q

Estradiol (reproductive system)

A

Most abundant and biologically active female hormone

89
Q

Appendix (digestive system)

A

Protects good bacteria in the gut

Located in the right lower quadrant

CMA (10 decks)

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