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Philosophy > Body soul and mind Philsophy > Flashcards

Body soul and mind Philsophy Flashcards

learn about Plato and Aristotle

1
Q

What is a dualist

A

Believes that the soul and body are 2 different entities

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2
Q

What does eternal mean

A

has and always will exist

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3
Q

everlasting means what

A

Never ending

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4
Q

When Plato wrote his series of dialogues who’s idea did he get influenced

A

Many of Plato ideas came from Socrates his famous ‘the republic’

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5
Q

What was Platos belief on the soul

A

Believed the soul was immortal and eternal whilst the body was only temporary. This means the soul CAN live outside of the body

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6
Q

What was Socrates known as and how did he die

A

He was known as the father of philosophy and was sentenced to death for ‘corrupting the youth’

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7
Q

Where can perfect forms be found and what does this mean

A

A perfect form of everything can and must exist in the realm of forms. This means that out souls originally existed before coming to the body. This is the reason we recognise non physical things like beauty

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8
Q

What can be found in the realms of appearance

A

Wee see imitations or shadows and imoerfect images of the perfect forms. We can experience these with our senses but everything is ‘blurry’ like looking into water and seeing our reflection.

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9
Q

How does being able to recognise beauty show

A

That although humans are unable to understand forms due to understanding this non physical means that the soul MUST have been in the realm of forms

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10
Q

What does Plato believe in more real
A) Realm of forms
B) Realm of appearance

A

A) Realm of forms

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11
Q

What are the 2 most important thing according to Plato

A

The most important thing according to Plato is beauty, justice and truth

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12
Q

the realm of appearance is the world we current live in. True or False

A

True

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13
Q

Plants growing in the Realm of appearance means what

A

That it contains material beings and that thing in this world has the opportunity to change

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14
Q

What quote by Heraclitus proves talks about the Realm of appearance

A

“you can never step in the same river twice”

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15
Q

What is the most important form

A

The form of good

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16
Q

what must every form need in the realm of forms to be perfect

A

It needs to be Good.

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17
Q

“ignorance causes immorality, if someone knows what is good and bad they will automatically automatically choose good, not knowing what is good is what causes us to make bad choices”
Is a quote that talking about what

A

A quote expressing philosophers seek true knowledge of what is Good

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18
Q

In the cave analogy what is the quote that describes the prisoners being chained for all of their lives

A

“the prisoners are living in the realm of appearance, they are trapped ad unaware of reality, they symbolise humans who cannot see the forms”

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19
Q

“behind the prisoners is a wall and a road, people walk along carrying models and statues, the fire casts a shadow of these models on the wall” (Plato cave analogy). is supposed to mean what

A

That the weak imitations of the models can be seen, just as we see imitations of the true forms

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20
Q

what is the quote from the quote that refers to the sun with the illuminates the world we live in. this also includes the pain and confusion represents the pain we feel and how we begin to question the world around us and it isnt like we thought

A

“A prisoner is realised, when he turns around he can see the fire and models, the fire hurts his eyes and cannot be recognised the models being caried”

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21
Q

“the prisoner is forced to leave the cave, the sun dazzes him and he is in pain, he does not want to leave, the longer the prisoner is outside the more he is able to understand his surroundings” - Plato cave analogy

A

The force of him exiting the cave represents thew new idea being forced upon us challenging our views on reality

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22
Q

In the cave analogy there is a quote that is supposed to represent the hostility faced by philosophers and them trying to enlighten others about the truth (similar to Socrates)

A

“He feels he must educate the other prisoners still in the cave. The prisoners are hostile to the suggestion of leaving the cave and are willing to kill the freed prisoner”

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23
Q

What was Aristotle

A

A substance dualist

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24
Q

What did Aristotle beieve about the world

A

That it was in a constant sate of motion and that as he was able to experience this change with his sense his theory is supported by empirical evidence and is there a priori

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25
Q

Aristotle believed things changed due to actuality and potentiality but what does that mean.

A

that things change because of its ‘actual’ state and have the ‘potential’ to become another

26
Q

What is an example actuality and a potentiality

A

Actuality = cow > potentiality = beef

27
Q

According to Aristotle can things move by themselves

A

No. Things cannot change by themselves and so must be changed by another and something must have caused that change and so on

28
Q

With Aristotle idea of how moving worst what is the problem and what is the solution

A

That we cant have an infinite chain and so there must be a starting point that put the universe into its constant state of motion and therefore the thing that caused the change is outside the universe

29
Q

What is the prime mover and what else is it referred to

A

Refers to something that caused the universe to go into motion. This is also known as the unmoved mover

30
Q

Can the prime mover change

A

Its in a state of pure actuality and therefore has not potential to change itself. This is because of the fact that it put the universe into motion and that’s impossible to be physically actions due to it having to have caused change the prime mover

31
Q

Why is the Prime mover no efficient of the universe

A

This is because its the final cause (first domino)

32
Q

Why do all things try and imitate the prime mover

A

Its because the prime mover is perfect. The attraction to perfection provides the purpose of change (we change because we wish to be perfect)

33
Q

Although the body and soul are connected what are the different traits (according to Aristotle)

A

Body is physical and therefore has abilitys to change and age. This can mean when someone gets older they change but always have the same soul due to the soul never changing

34
Q

Why do humans have a more advanced soul (according to Aristotle)

A

we have the ability to reason, react to stimuli and tell the difference between pleasure and pain - this is also our formal cause/ purpose

35
Q

Is life after death possible (according to Aristotle)

A

the soul and body are inseparable and then means that life after death is impossible

36
Q

In the Aristotle four causes Material causes means what

A

What is things made of

37
Q

In the aristotles four causes what is formal causes

A

the shape, form or structure something takes to be a certain thing

38
Q

In the Aristotle four causes what does efficient cause mean

A

what causes it to come about?

39
Q

In Aristotle four causes what is the final cause

A

What is the purpose of this thing?

40
Q

What is descartes

A

is a substance dualist and believes that the body and soul are separate substances with different properties

41
Q

What does substance means

A

A subject with various properties

42
Q

What are properties

A

Characteristics which cannot be exist on their own

43
Q

According to Descartes what is the mind

A

intelligence, emotions, judgement, analysis, the soul/self and evaluation

44
Q

According to Descartes what is the body

A

All of physical stuff and is a vehicle for the soul

45
Q

For dualist what does:
mind=
feelings/emotions=
body=
tall/old/slim=

A

Mind = substance
Feelings/emotions = properties
Body=substance
Tall/old/slim = properties

46
Q

What does “cogito ergo sum” mean

A

i think therefore i am

47
Q

With Descartes being a specticist what does that mean

A

that there sis a questioning approach which involves nit taking assumptions for granted, he used hyperbolic doubt and thought about all things and rejected anything which he could not 100% sure about

48
Q

What was Descartes first certainty

A

That he exists as a thinker and that him to be able to question his existence he must have a mind to be able to do so else it would contradict

49
Q

JM Mill is what

A

A property dualist and there is one kind of physical matter but it can have distinct physical and mental properties

50
Q

According the Mill what does the brain have

A

metal properties such as opinions, memories and emotions but also has physical properties such as size, mass and shape

51
Q

According to Mill what is the brain existence to the body

A

the brain existence isn’t separate from the body despite being different properties

52
Q

What is boring

A

A reductive materialist and the mind is not distinct from the brain but is identical to it

53
Q

According to boring what are mental and physical events

A

in the brain are the same when someone works out a calculation it is both a chemical event in the brain and mental event. the chemical reaction does not just cause an event, it is the same event

54
Q

What is Gilbert Ryle

A

a reductive materialist

55
Q

according to Ryle its wrong to say what

A

wrong to say that mental and physical states are different. say there is a separate self which exists beyond the physical body is wrong and is a mistaken use of language

56
Q

What does Ryle compare the mind and body separation to

A

“ghost in the machine” as if we were machines being controlled by an invisible mind

57
Q

What does Ryle say about the dualist

A

is a guilty of a categorical mistake, dualist categories the mind and body as separate however psychology and neuroscience shows that the mind is apart of the physical body (the brain)

58
Q

What is Dawkins

A

Biological materialist: nothing non physical about a person

59
Q

what does Dawkins say about us

A

“We are nothing more than survival machines”

60
Q

According to Dawkins what are humans and other creatures and what is a quote to go with it

A

Vehicles for genes which are only interested in replacing themselves to survive into future generations
“Robot vehicles blindly programmed to preserve selfish molecules known as genes”

61
Q

What does Dawkins think about the soul leaving the body

A

that the soul living outside of the body is non sensical

62
Q

What’s the difference between “Jane was at the shops” vs “James body was at the shops”

A

“Jane was at the shops” implies that both the soul and body was there, this demonstrates that we think of living things as more than just physical bodies

Philosophy (4 decks)

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