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BOK280 > Body Fluids and Compartments (physiology) > Flashcards

Body Fluids and Compartments (physiology) Flashcards

1
Q

Which solvent drives the folding of proteins?

A

Water

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2
Q

True or false:
Infants have low extracellular volume of water.

A

False, they have low intracellular volume and high extracellular volume.

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3
Q

What may be the reason why infants have a low intracellular volume?

A

It may be bcs they have high body fat.

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4
Q

Approximately how many kg of water will a person weighing 70kg have?

A

40kg

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5
Q

Two compartments that have aqueous solution in the human body

A

The intracellular and extracellular compartments

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6
Q

List 4 subdivisions of the extracellular compartment.

A

-Plasma
-Interstitial fluid
- Lymph
- Transcellular fluids

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7
Q

What is transcellular fluid?

A

Fluid found in epithelial lined compartment. E.g, the cerebrospinal fluid.

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8
Q

How does the interstitial fluid form?

A

When plasma is being filtered along the capillary membrane.

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9
Q

Explain how interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic vessels.

A

The pressure of the interstitial fluid is higher than that of the lymphatic vessel, it enters in the gaps.

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10
Q

Explain the two processes, as well as the pressure that drives them:
A. Filtration
B. Reabsorption

A

A. Movement of fluid from the capillaries to tissues, it is driven by hydrostatic pressure.
B. Movement of fluid from the tissues to the capillaries, it is driven by osmotic pressure.

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11
Q

Differentiate btwn hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure.

A

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure applied by blood confined within the blood vessel.
Osmotic pressure is the pressure applied by the proteins in the blood vessel.

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12
Q

What do we call the pressure exerted by blood against the wall of a capillary?

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure.

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13
Q

How do we calculate the net filtration pressure?

A

Net filtration pressure = Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) - Blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP)

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14
Q

List the electrolytes that are mostly in the intracellular compartment

A

Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphate and Sulphate.

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15
Q

What separates the interstitial fluid and intracellular environment?

A

Semi-permeable plasma membrane

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16
Q

What facilitates the transport btwn ECF and ICF of all charged and polar molecules?

A

Protein channels or pumps

17
Q

What is the diff btwn passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport.

A

Passive diffusion- Not selective, does not require ATP.
Facilitated diffusion- uses protein channels and carrier proteins, does not require ATP.
Active transport- moves molecules against their concentration gradient, required ATP.

18
Q

What is the diff btwn uniporter, symporter and antiporter?

A

Uniporter- Transport one molecule at one go.
Symporter- Transport two molecules at one go, to the same direction.
Antiporter- Transport two molecules which goes to opposite side at one go.

19
Q

Differentiate btwn the two types of glucose transporters

A

Sodium dependent glucose transporter (SGLUT)
-Active transport
- Found in renal tubules and intestinal epithelia.
-Uses a sodium gradient for energy.

Sodium independent glucose transporter (GLUT)
-Passive transport
- Glut 4 is insulin dependent.

20
Q

Function of/note about:
1. SGLUT
2. GLUT 1
3. GLUT 2
4. GLUT 3
5. GLUT 4

A
  1. Resp for absorption(intestines) and reabsorption(renal tubules) of glucose.
  2. Pancreas- Important for gauging blood glucose levels in humans.
    Liver- Important for bi-directional transport of glucose when influences by hormones.
  3. Liver- Resp for bi-directional transport of glucose with respect to hepatic glucose metabolism.
  4. Has high affinity for glucose.
  5. Expression is regulated by insulin.
21
Q

Explain how the SGLUT transporter works. (3)

A
  • Sodium potassium pump, pumps sodium out of the renal tubules and potassium in.
    -This decreases the concentration of sodium in the proximal tubules.
    -Sodium will diffuse from the lumen of the kidney to the proximal tubule, glucose will move along with it via the SGLUT.
22
Q

What is the difference between osmolality and osmolarity?

A

Osmolality is osmoles of solute per kg of a solvent while with osmolarity it is per litre of a solvent.

23
Q

Receptors that detect changes in:
A. Osmotic pressure
B. Blood pressure

A

A. Osmoreceptors
B. Baroreceptors

24
Q

How is osmolality regulated, for example when we have a high osmolality?

A
  • Decreased saliva and dry mouth.
  • Osmoreceptors detect this change and stimulates the hypothalamus.
  • Causes increased thirst.
  • Person drinks water.
  • Water moistens mouth, throat, stretches the stomach, intestines.
  • Absorption of water in the GI tract.
  • Osmolality decreases.
25
Q

What are the functions of angiotensin 2? (2)

A

Causes thirst and vasoconstriction.

26
Q

List and explain how the water volume receptors work.

A

V1A- Found on smooth muscle of blood vessels, they cause vasoconstriction (raises arterial BP).
V1B- Found in pituitary corticotrope cells, they increase ACTH release.
V2- Found in the cells of collecting ducts of kidneys, causes increased water reabsorption (also raises arterial BP).

27
Q

How does ADH increases water reabsorption?

A

It inserts aquaporins on the cell membranes which increases the flow of water out of the tubule.

28
Q

Normal osmolality levels in plasma

A

285-295 mOsm/kg

29
Q

What do we call the syndrome caused by excess vasopressin?

A

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

30
Q

What are the causes of SIADH? (5)

A

Pituitary tumours
Other malignancies
Nervous system disorders
Some drugs
Pulmonary diseases

31
Q

What characterises the SIADH? (2)

A

Decreased water excretion.
Decreased plasma osmolality.

32
Q

Which tests are taken to diagnose SIADH? (3)

A
  • Measure serum and urine osmolality and sodium concentration.
  • Renal function test.
  • Test for adrenal insufficiency.
33
Q

Treatment for SIADH (5)

A
  • Restricted water intake.
  • Hypertonic saline solution
  • Vasopressin antagonists
  • Tolvaptan
  • Diuretics
34
Q

What does insufficient vasopressin cause?

A

Diabetes insipidus

35
Q

What characterises Diabetes insipidus? (3)

A
  • Polyuria, polydipsia and plasma hyperosmolality.
36
Q

Two types of diabetes insipidus (4)

A

Central- Pituitary trauma, alcohol abuse.
Nephrogenic- genetic inactivation of v2 receptor or aquaporin channel protein, or kidney disorders.

37
Q

What are the tests perfomed to diagnose diabetes insipidus? (3)

A
  • Measure 24 hour urine volume and plasma osmolality.
  • Water deprivation test- they will lose water at a greater rate and there will be an increase in plasma osmolality.
  • Desmopressin is used to distinguish btwn central and nephrogenic.
38
Q

Treatments for diabetes insipidus (4)

A
  • Increased water intake
  • Desmopressin
  • Thiazide diuretics
  • Low salt diets

BOK280 (66 decks)

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