Anatomy Of The Adrenals And Genital Systems(Anatomy)

Question 1

Describe the structure of suprarenal glands in detail(6)

Answer 1

•The glands lie in the medial aspect of the upper poles of the kidneys.
• They are retroperitoneal, with the peritoneal membrane covering their anterior part.
•They consist of an outer connective tissue capsule, a cortex and medulla.
•They are enclosed by a perinephric fascia, and it connects the glands to the crura of the diaphragm.
•Separated from the kidneys by perirenal fat.

Question 2

List the anterior and posterior relation for both the left and right adrenal glands.

Answer 2

RIGHT:
-Anterior:-Inferior vena cava, right lobe of the liver.
-Posterior:-Right crus of the diaphragm.
LEFT:
-Anterior:-Stomach, pancreas, spleen.
Posterior:-Left crus of diaphragm.

Question 3

Explain the arterial supply of adrenal glands(3)

Answer 3

There are three arteries that supply them:
- Superior suprarenal arteries that arise from the inferior phrenic artery.
-Middle suprarenal artery that arises from the abdominal aorta.
-Inferior suprarenal artery that arises from the renal artery.

Question 4

Explain the venous drainage of adrenal glands.(2)

Answer 4

There are two veins responsible for the drainage:
- Right adrenal vein that drains into the inferior vena cava directly.
-Left adrenal vein that drains into the left renal vein which in turn drains into the inferior vena cava.

Question 5

Describe how the autonomic plexus of the adrenal glands forms

Answer 5

The suprarenal plexus is formed by branches from the celiac plexus, celiac ganglion as well as from the phrenic and greater splanchnic nerves.

Question 6

True or false
-The right testis are slightly lower than the left.

Answer 6

False, it’s the left testis that is lower.

Question 7

Name and describe the structure of the three coats that covers the testes

Answer 7

Tunica vaginalis- lower persistent portion of processus vaginalis covering the whole testis except for the posterior boarder.

Tunica albuginea- Dense, white fibrous coat.

Tunica vasculosa- Vascular coat

Question 8

Describe the structure of the testis as well as the functions.

Answer 8

•Seminiferous tubules- site of spermatogenesis.
•Septa testis- connective tissue partitions dividing the testis into lobules to provide structural support for spermatogenesis.
•Rete testis- network of tubules which collects and transport sperm.

Question 9

Name three arteries responsible for supplying the testicles

Answer 9

Testicular arteries(major)
Cremasteric arteries
Deferential arteries/ arteries of the vas deferens.

Question 10

Explain the venous drainage for testes

Answer 10

Two veins are responsible:
The right testicular vein which drains directly to the inferior vena cava.
The left testicular vein which drains into the renal vein which ultimately drains into the IVC.

Question 11

Where does lymphatic drainage of testes occur

Answer 11

Lymph is drained into the lumbar and para-aortic nodes.

Question 12

Which nerves innervates the somatic nervous system for testes

Answer 12

Iliohypogastric, genitofemoral, ilioinguinal and pudendul nerves

Question 13

Briefly explain how the male gonads descend(9)

Answer 13

GONADS DEVELOPMENT:
•They are initially formed in the lumbar region medial to the kidneys.
•They are attached to the proximal end of a gubernaculum(a fibrous cord)
•The distal end of the gubernaculum is attached to the scrotal skin.

DESCENT PROCESS:
In the last trimester, the gubernaculum resorbs and pulls the testes down.
The descent begins in the pelvic region towards the inguinal canal.

INGUINAL CANAL TRAVERSE:
The testes passes through the inguinal canal in their descent.
The inguinal canal serves as a passage from the abdominal cavity to the scrotum.

SCROTAL POSITION:
The testes end up in the scrotal sac with only the remnants of the distal part of the gubernaculum.
These remnants play a crucial role in the regulation of temperature for sperm production.

Question 14

Where are ovaries attached?

Answer 14

The posterior surface of the broad ligament

Question 15

What are the ovaries suspended by?(2)

Answer 15

Mesovarium and the suspensory ligament

Question 16

Name and explain the three histological features of the ovary

Answer 16

•Surface:- It contains simple cuboidal epithelium and an underlying dense connective tissue capsule.
•Cortex:- contain connective tissue stroma and numerous ovarian follicles, each follicle has an oocyte which is surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells.
•Medulla:-Consist of loose connective tissue and rich neurovascular network, which enters via the hilum of the ovary.

Question 17

Explain the arterial supply of the ovaries

Answer 17

The two arteries responsible are:
The left and right ovarian arteries that arise from the abdominal aorta.
Uterine arteries also contribute.

Question 18

Explain the venous drainage of ovaries

Answer 18

The veins responsible are:
-The right ovarian vein that drains into the inferior vena cava directly.
-The left ovarian vein that drains into the left renal vein which ultimately drains into the inferior vena cava.

Question 19

Explain the lymphatic drainage of ovaries

Answer 19

They drain into the lumbar and para-aortic nodes.

Question 20

Explain how the embryological descent for ovaries occur(9)

Answer 20

LOCATION OF OVARY DEVELOPMENT:
-Ovaries develop in the supra-lumbar region of the posterior abdominal wall.

GUBERNACULUM CONNECTION:
-The gubernaculum connects the ovaries to the primordial uterus during development.
- The gubernaculum also extends to the developing labium majus.

OVARIAN LIGAMENTS:
Gubernaculum forms a lateral ovarian ligament, which connects the uterus to the labium majus.
Round ligament forms between the uterus and ovary.

DESCENT OF OVARIES:
-Ovaries do not descend through the inguinal canal.

REMNANT OF GUBERNACULUM
-Remnant of the gubernaculum forms the round and ovarian ligaments.
- These ligaments passes through the superficial inguinal ring.
- The gubernaculum remnants attaches to the labium majus.

Question 21

Explain the embryological descent of the male gonads.

Answer 21

•Gonads development
-The development of the testes begins at the lumbar region medial to the kidneys.
-The testes are connected to the proximal end of the gubernaculum.
-Distal end of the gubernaculum is connected to the scrotal skin.
•Descent process
- In the last trimester, the gubernaculum resorbs and pulls testes down.
-The descent process begins at the pelvic region and proceeds towards the inguinal canal.
•Inguinal canal transverse
-The testes transverse the inguinal canal during the descent process.
-The inguinal canal serves as a passageway btwn the abdominal cavity and the scrotal sac.
•Scrotal position
-The testes end up in the scrotal sac with only the distal part of the gubernaculum.
-This descent, completed at birth is important for the regulation of temperature for sperm production.

Question 22

Arterial supply for female gonads

Answer 22

We have the right and left arterial arteries which both arise from the abdominal aorta.

Question 23

Venous drainage of the female gonads

Answer 23

The veins responsible are:
-The right ovarian vein which drains into the IVC.
-The left ovarian vein which drains into the left renal vein, which ultimately drains into the IVC.

Question 24

Explain the embryological descent of the female gonads.

Answer 24

•LOCATION OF OVARY DEVELOPMENT
-Ovaries develop in the supra-lumbar region of the posterior abdominal wall.
•GUBERNACULUM CONNECTION
-The gubernaculum connects the ovaries to the primordial uterus during development.
-The gubernaculum extends to the labium majus.
•OVARIAN LIGAMENT
-The gubernaculum forms the lateral ovarian ligament which connects the ovaries to the labium majus.
-Round ligament forms btwn the uterus and ovaries.
•DESCENT OF OVARIES
-Descent does not occur through the inguinal canal.
•REMNANT OF GUBERNACULUM
-The remnant of gubernaculum forms the round and ovarian ligaments.
-That passes through the superficial inguinal ring.
-The remnant of the gubernaculum attaches to the labia majus.