Blood Transfusions Flashcards
Macroscopic crossmatch look for
Hemolysis
Agglutination
Platelet Rich Plasma
Severe thrombocytopenia → chemotherapy
Severe thrombopathia → inherited disorders
Interpretation of a negative crossmatch
No agglutination or hemolysis
Recipient is not likely to have transfusion reaction
Transfuse
Clinical signs of Delayed Hemolytic Immune Mediated Reaction
Icterus, Hyperbilirubinemia, Hyperbiliruninuria
Fever
Anorexia
Which equine blood systems are implicated in neonatal isoerythrolysis
Aa and Qa
Feline Type A
Most common
Weak isoantibodies against type B
Crossmatching
Identifies antibodies against RBC antigens in the plasma of the recipient or donor
Ensures optimal survival of transfused RBCs and of the patient
Feline Type B
Less common
Strong natural isoantibodies against Type A
Severe and lethal transfusion reactions when given type A
Risk for neonatal isoerythrolysis
Delayed Hemolytic Immune Mediated reaction
Extravascular Hemolysis
Mild reaction
>24 hours up to 2-3 weeks post transfusion
Agglutination in blood typing is a (positive/negative) reaction
Positive
_____________________
Agglutination = blood type of patient
Non-Immunogenic DEA types
DEA 4 and DEA 6
_______________________________
Universal Donors
Types of transfusion reactions
Immune Mediated
Non Immune Mediated
Feline Blood Systems
AB Group System
Mik System
___________________________________________
All cats will carry an antigen from the AB blood group and most carry an MIK antigen
Blood typing identifies a specific RBC
Antigen
Crossmatching in horses differs from small animals in that
Horses have both agglutinating and hemolytic antibodies:
Crossmatch agglutination test
Hemolytic detection test - to detect exogenous complement (Positive result=hemolysis)
Minor Crossmatch
Patient RBC + donor serum
Rarely performed
Transfused serum is low volume compared to the patients serum; therefore not enough antibodies present to cause significant issues
Breed of dogs that are at risk for acute and delayed onset of hemolytic transfusion reactions
Dalmations
Acute Hemolytic Immune Mediated Reaction
Intravascular hemolyisis
Severe Reactions
Can lead to DIC, Hypotension, Shock, Acute Renal Failure, Death
Antiserum
Reagent used in blood typing
Whole Blood
Need to replace RBC and plasma
Severe hemorrhage
Interpretation of a positive crossmatch
Agglutination or hemolysis are detected
Recipient at risk for transfusion reaction
DO NOT TRANSFUSE
Dog Erythrocyte Antigen (DEA) Blood System
Single antigen per blood type
7 DEA blood types
T/F: Equine, ruminants and camelids have pre-existing isoantibodies against erythrocytes
False
________________________
Very rarely they do
Transfusion products
Packed RBC
Whole Blood
Fresh Frozen Plasma
Platelet-Rich Plasma
Non Hemolytic Imune Mediated Reaction
Febrile and Allergic Reactions
Common with plasma transfusions
Occurs within 15 minutes to a few hours
Feline Type AB
Very rare
Usually only purebred cats
Universial Recipients
Two major blood groups in canines
DEA blood system
Dal blood system
Packed Red Blood Cells
Need to replace RBCs only d/t:
Erythrocyte destruction
Decreased RBC production
What are the clinical signs of hypoxia
Increased HR, RR
Poor pulse quality
Abnormal BP
Lethargy
Weakness
Decreased appetite
Dal Blood System
Single Antigen
Dalmations - some lack Dal antigen others have Dal isoantibody
Clinical Signs of Non Hemolytic Immune Mediated Reactions
Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Abdominal Pain
Tremors
Uticaria, Pruritis, Erythema
Major Crossmatch
Patient Serum + Donor RBC
Final check of compatibility between a patient and a donor prior to transfusion
Highly Immunogenic DEA types
DEA 1.1 and DEA 1.2
________________________
Incite strong agglutination and hemolysis
If you transfuse a type B cat with type A blood, you can expect
Severe reaction. Type B cats have strong isoantibodies against Type A blood
Clinical signs of Acute Hemolytic Immune Mediated Reactions
Hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria
Anemia
Hypoxia
Vomiting, Pyrexia
Indications for transfusion therapy
Acute and severe anemia
Clinical signs of hypoxia
Why are greyhounds good blood donors?
BIG dogs
High PCV
Most are DEA 1.1 negative
>50% are universal donors
Fresh Frozen Plasma
Need to replace plasma
Clotting factor deficiencies
Hypoproteinemia
A positive crossmatch results in
Agglutination
___________________________
Do not transfuse!
When should you cross match for a blood transfusion in a cat?
ALWAYS
When should you crossmatch for a blood transfusion in large animals?
Repeated transfusions
Plasma transfusions
