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RUSVM Clinical Pathology > Anemia > Flashcards

Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnosis of non regenerative anemia

A

Biochemical Profile

Bone Marrow Aspirate

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2
Q

Bone Marrow Aplasia

A

No red cell production

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3
Q

Clinical signs associated with blood destruction

A

Splenomegaly

Icterus

Hemoglobinuria

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4
Q

Treatment for IMHA

A

Glucocorticosteroids

Other immunosuppressive drugs

Fluids

Correct acidosis

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5
Q

Pyruvate kinase deficiency results in

A

Impaired energy metabolism with resultant increased red blood cell destruction

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6
Q

Causes of Aplastic anemia

A

Infectious agents

Immune mediated destruction

Drugs and chemicals

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7
Q

In methemoglobinemia - blood appears chocolate brown when _______% of hemoglobin is methemoglobin.

Death occurs when concentration is ______%.

A

30%

90%

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8
Q

Copper Toxicosis causes

A

Hemolytic anemia

Hemoglobinemia/hemoglobinuria

Heinz body formation

Oxidative damage

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9
Q

Anemia of inflammatory disease

A

Mild to moderate

Low serum iron

Increased storage iron

Erythroid suppression may be due to unavailability of iron or inflammatory cytokines

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10
Q

Regenerative anemia is caused by either

A

Blood loss

or Blood destruction

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11
Q

Mycoplasma wenyonii

A

Cattle

Severe anemia only in splenectomized or immunosuppresed

Iatrogenic transmission

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12
Q

Clinical signs of mycoplasma haemocanis

A

Anemia signs

May look like IMHA

Icterus occassionally

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13
Q

Laboratory Findings for IMHA

A

Thrombocytopenia

Inflammatory Leukogram

Azotemia

Spherocytosis

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14
Q

T/F: Blood Loss causes thrombocytopenia

A

False

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15
Q

Mycoplasma Haemocanis

A

Opportunist, usually only in splenectomized or immunosuppressed dogs

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16
Q

Blood destruction or blood loss?

Immune mediated hemolytic anemia

Heinz body anemia

RBC parasites

A

Blood destruction

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17
Q

Differential diagnosis for Spherocytosis

A

Previous mismatched blood transfusion

Rattlesnake evenomation

Heinz body anemia - horses

Zinc toxicosis

Bee sting

IMHA

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18
Q

Acute or Chronic blood loss?

Trauma and Surgery

Coagulation Disorders

Bleeding Tumors

Thrombocytopenia

A

Acute

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19
Q

Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency Anemia

A

Anemia

Low Serum Iron

Microcytosis

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20
Q

Treatment for Mycoplasma haemocanis

A

Doxycycline

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21
Q

Blood loss from what organ is most common?

A

Intestine

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22
Q

Anemia due to renal disease

A

Insufficient erythropoietin

Uremic toxins

Excess PTH

Hypocalcemia

Bleeding tendencies

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23
Q

Feline Cytauxzoonosis

A

Protozoan

RBC phase and tissue phase

Transmitted by ticks

Almost always fatal

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24
Q

IMHA is commonly associated with what drugs

A

Penicillin

Cephalosporins

Trimethoprim-Sulfa

Levaminosle

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25
Q

Mycoplasma haemosuis

A

Severe anemia in baby pigs

Poor weight gain in adult pigs

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26
Q

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency in cats

A

No ultimate osteosclerosis

Can live to old age

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27
Q

Acute or Chronic blood loss?

GI Ulcer

Bleeding GI tumor

Blood consuming parasites

A

Chronic

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28
Q

Infectious agents that can cause aplastic anemia

A

FeLV

Ehrlichia canis

Equine Infectious Anemia

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29
Q

Babesia and Theileria cause anemia by what mechanism?

A

Intravascular hemolysis

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30
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Mild anemia

Decreased metabolic rate

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31
Q

Uroporphyrinogen III Co Synthetaste Deficiency in Cats

A

“Porphyria” “Pink Tooth”

Autosomal Dominant

No anemia

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32
Q

Plants that can cause Heinz body anemia

A

Onions, Garlic

Kale, Cabbage, Rape

Wilted Red Maple Leaves

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33
Q

Bacterial induced hemolysis

A

Clostridium perfringens type A

Clostridium haemolyticum

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34
Q

Endocrine diseases that can lead to anemia

A

Hypothyroidsim

Hypoadrenocorticism

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35
Q

Phosphofructokinase Deficiency

A

Autosomal Recessie

Decreased synthesis of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate

PCV normal

Hemolytic crisis when alkalemic

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36
Q

Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia

A

Find cause and source of blood

Injectable iron - neonates

37
Q

Characteristics of acute blood loss

A

Protein decreases along with PCV

Erythrocyte morphology usually normal

38
Q

Pathogenesis of Anemia of Inflammatory Disease

A
  1. LPS and IL6 induce hepatic production of Hepcidin (regulator of iron homeostasis)
  2. Hepcidin inhibits cellular efflux of iron by binding to and inducing internalization and degradation of ferroportin
  3. LPS down regulates divalent metal transporter expression - inhibition of duodenal iron absorption
  4. LPS down regulates ferroportin expression - decreased iron release from iron stores
  5. Cytokine upregulate DMT1 on macrophages - increase iron uptake
  6. IL10 increase transferrin receptors on macrophages - increase iron uptake
  7. TNF -alpha, IL 1,6, 10 upregualte ferritiin expression - promote storage and retention

_______________________________________

Overall result in decrease iron in transport and functional pools limiting iron for erythropoiesis

39
Q

Anemia is caused by

A

Increased loos

Increased destruction

Decreased production by marrow

or come combination of the above

40
Q

Treatment for Mycoplasma haemofelis

A

Blood transfusion

Prednisone

Doxycycline

Enrofloxacin

41
Q

Anemia

A

Decrease in red blood cell mass, resulting in decreased oxygenation of tissues

42
Q

Immune Mediated Aplastic Anemia

A

Antibodies directed against stem cells

May be drug induced or idiopathic

43
Q

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency in dogs

A

Moderate to marked anemia

Marked reticulocytosis

Myelofibrosis, sclerosis

Death by age 4

44
Q

Drugs and Chemicals that can cause Heinz body anemia

A

Acetaminophen

Propylene glycol

Zinc

Copper Selenium Deficiency

Methylene Blue

Crude Oil

Naphthalene

45
Q

Clostridium perfringins Type A

A

“Yellow Lamb Disease”

Hemolytic anemia in lambs and calves

46
Q

Blood destruction occurs due to

A

Intravascular hemolysis

or

Extravascular hemolysis

47
Q

Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia

A

Often secondary associated with infection, modified live virus vaccination, neoplasia and drugs

48
Q

T/F: If agglutination is present, Coombs test is not indicated.

A

True

49
Q

Uroporphyrinogen III Co Synthetase Deficiency in cattle

A

“Porphyria” “Pink Tooth”

Inability to synthesize hemoglobin with accumulation of uroporphyrin and coprophyrin in bones, teeth

Pigemented fluorescent teeth and bones

Photosenstitivity

Decreased RBC survival

50
Q

Clostridium haemolyticum

A

“Bacillary Hemoglobinuria” “Red Water Disease”

Cattle

Associated with liver fluke migration

CS: anemia, arched back, blood diarrhea, fever, dyspnea, hemoglobinuria

51
Q

Uroporphyrinogne II Co Synthetase Deficiency in pigs

A

“Porphyria” “Pink Tooth”

No photosensitization

Autosomal Dominant

52
Q

IMHA in cats is commonly associated with

A

Mycoplasma haemofelis

FeLV

Neoplasia

53
Q

Drugs and chemicals that can cause aplastic anemia

A

Antineoplastic, immunosuppressive drugs

Toxins

Estrogen in dogs and ferrets

54
Q

Mycoplasma haemofelis

A

Transmitted through infected blood by blood feeding arthropods, cat bites, and iatrogenic exposure

Diagnsosis by blood film exam or PCR

Regenerative Anemia

55
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism

A

Mild anemia often masked by dehydration

Mechanism unclear

56
Q

Band 3

A

Protein that exchanges bicarbonate ion for chloride ion in erythrocytes, thus greatly increasing capacity of blood to carry CO2

Also important in maintaining cell shape

57
Q

Anaplasmosis

A

Tick borne

Can cause fatal hemolytic anemia

Immune mediated destruction

Diagnose with blood film or PCR

58
Q

Virus induced hemolysis

A

Equine Infectious Anemia - Swamp Fever

59
Q

IMHA in horses is commonly associated with

A

Penicillin

Clostridial Infections

Neoplasia

60
Q

Theileriosis

A

Protozoan

Cause hemolytic anemia

Stage within RBC is merozoite

61
Q

Hemolytic Anemias due to Enzyme Deficiencies

A

Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency

Phosphofructokinase Deficiency

Uroprphyrinogen III co synthetase

62
Q

Erythrocyte parasites cause anemia by what mechanism?

A

Immune mediated

63
Q

Cause of methemoglobinemia

A

Iron in ferric state - incapable of carrying oxygen

Oxidative compounds result in excessive formation

64
Q

Water Intoxication

A

Cattle

Unlimited access to water following unavailability

Decreased osmolality leads to hemolysis

65
Q

Iron deficiency anemia in adult animals is likely due to

A

Chronic blood loss

66
Q

Disadvantages of Coomb’s Test

A

Many false positives

Many false negatives

67
Q

Evan’s Syndrome

A

Immune- mediated thrombocytopenia

68
Q

Laboratory findings for Iron Deficiency Anemia

A

Microcytosis

Reticulocytes have decreased MCV

RDW - increased

MCHC - normal

Keratocyte formation

Increased central pallor

Regenerative

Thrombocytosis

Serum iron - decreased

Transferrin - decreased

Storage iron - decreased

Total iron binding - normal

69
Q

Clinical signs of anemia

A

Pale mucous membranes

Lethargy, reduced exercise tolerance

Increased respiratory rate, dyspnea

Increased heart rate

Murmurs if <20% - increased turbulence

70
Q

Bone Marrow Hypoplasia

A

Red cell production decreased

71
Q

Laboratory tests that should be run for anemia

A

Red blood cell mass (PCV)

Mean cell volume

Reticulocyte count

Total protein

72
Q

Red blood cell mass is measured by

A

PCV

RBC count

Hemoglobin concentration

73
Q

Methemoglobinemia

A

Acetaminophen Toxicity - Cats

Nitrate Poisoning - Cows

Rad Maple Leaf Ingestion - Horses

Congenital Deficiency of NADH-Methemoglobin Reductase

74
Q

Clinical signs or Mycoplasma haemofelis

A

Anemia signs

Splenomegaly

Fever

Lethargy

Icterus

75
Q

Aplastic Aneima

A

General Marrow Suppresion or failure

76
Q

Heinz Body Anemia

A

Oxidatively denatured hemoglobin

77
Q

Causes of intrinsic erythroid hypoplasia

A

Myelodysplasia

Leukemia

Immune-mediated destruction of erythroid precursors

78
Q

Hemolysis due to inherited membrane defects

A

Hereditary: spherocytosis

elliptocytosis

stomatocytosis

membrane transport defects

79
Q

Babesiosis

A

Large and small types

Transmitted by ticks

Cause severe disease and hemolytic anemia

May be mistaken for IMHA

80
Q

Iron deficiency anemia in nursing animals is typically due to

A

Inadequate intake

81
Q

Neonatal Isoerythrolysis

A

Maternal antibodies against the neonates blood group antigen attach to the neonates RBCs with subsequent RBC hemolysis

82
Q

Causes of Erythroid Aplaisa

A

Immune Mediated destruction of RBC precursors

Feline Leukemia Virus

83
Q

Mycoplasma haemolamae

A

Opportunist

Causes mild anemia

84
Q

Heinz body anemia occurs with what diseases

A

Lymphoma

Hyperthyroidism

Diabetes Mellitus

85
Q

Cuases of extrinsic erythroid hypoplasia

A

Chronic renal disease

Endocrine disorders

Inflammatory disease

86
Q

Diagnosis of erythrocyte parasites

A

Blood film examination

PCR assays

87
Q

When should a Coombs test be run for IMHA?

A

No Spherocytes

In species where it is hard to detect Spherocytes

88
Q

Pathogenesis of heiz body formation

A
  1. Hemichrome formation due to oxidative damage
  2. Hemichromes aggregate into bits of denatured hemoglobin
  3. Sulfhydral groups are susceptible to oxidative damage
  4. Hemichromes form complexes with protein band 3 - clustering of band 3 creating recognition site for auto-antibodies
  5. Spectrin-hemoglobin cross linking - increase membrane rigidity
89
Q

Differential diagnosis for Microcytosis

A

Portosystemic shunt

Breed predisposition

Anemia of inflammatory disease

Iron deficiency anemia

RUSVM Clinical Pathology (22 decks)

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